Ишемическое повреждение головного мозга в кардиохирургии: морфологические корреляты и этиологическая значимость микроэмболов и гипоперфузии
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2. Шевченко Ю. Л., Одинак М. М., Кузнецов А. Н., Ерофеев А. А. Кардиогенный и ангиогенный церебральный эмболический инсульт. - М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2006.
3. McKhann G. M., Grega M. A., Borowicz L. M. et al. Encephalopathy and stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting: incidence, consequences, and prediction // Arch. Neurol. - 2002. - Vol. 59, № 9. - P. 1422-1428.
4. Grocott H. P., Homi H. M., Puskas F. Cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery: revisiting etiology // Semin. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. - 2005. - Vol. 9, № 2. - P. 123-129.
5. Hogue C. W., Palin C. A., Arrowsmith J. E. Cardiopulmonary bypass management and neurologic outcomes: an evidence-based appraisal of current practices // Anesth. Analg. - 2006. - Vol. 103. - P. 21-37.
6. Salazar J. D., Wityk R. J., Grega M. A. et al. Stroke after cardiac surgery: short- and long-term outcomes // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 2001. - Vol. 72, № 4. - P. 1195-1201.
7. Bucerius J., Gummert J. F., Borger M. A. et al. Stroke after cardiac surgery: a risk factor analysis of 16,184 consecutive adult patients // Ibid. - 2003. - Vol. 75, № 2. - P. 472-428.
8. Perez-Vela J. L., Ramos-Gonzalez A., Lopez-Almodovar L. F. et al. Neurologic complications in the immediate postoperative period after cardiac surgery. Role of brain magnetic resonance imaging // Rev. Esp. Cardiol. - 2005. - Vol. 58, № 9. - P. 1014-1021.
9. Bucerius J., Gummert J. F., Borger M. A. et al. Predictors of delirium after cardiac surgery delirium: effect of beating-heart (off-pump) surgery // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. - 2004. - Vol. 127, № 1. - P. 57-64.
10. Newman M. F., Grocott H. P., Mathew J. P. et al. Report of the substudy assessing the impact of neurocognitive function on quality of life 5 years after cardiac surgery // Stroke. - 2001. - Vol. 32. - P. 2874-2881.
11. Ahlgren E., Lundqvist A., Nordlund A. et al. Neurocognitive impairment and driving performance after coronary artery bypass surgery // Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. - 2003. - Vol. 23. - P. 334-340.
12. Lee T. A., Wolozin B., Weiss K. B., Bednar M. M. Assessment of the emergence of Alzheimer's disease following coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty // J. Alzheimers Dis. - 2005. - Vol. 7, № 4. - P. 319-324.
13. Harris D. N., Oatridge A., Dob D. et al. Cerebral swelling after normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass // Anesthesiology. - 1998. - Vol. 88, № 2. - P. 340-345.
14. Jacobs A., Neveling M., Horst M. et al. Alterations of neuropsychological function and cerebral glucose metabolism after cardiac surgery are not related only to intraoperative microembolic events // Stroke. - 1998. - Vol. 29. - P. 660-667.
15. Anderson R. E., Li T. Q., Hindmarsh T. et al. Increased extracellular brain water after coronary artery bypass grafting is avoided by off-pump surgery // J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesthesia. - 1999. - Vol. 13. - P. 698-702.
16. Bendszus M., Reents W., Franke D. et al. Brain damage after coronary artery bypass grafting // Arch. Neurol. - 2002. - Vol. 59. - P. 1090-1095.
17. Bokeriia L. A, Golukhova E. Z., Polunina A. G. et al. Neural correlates of cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery // Brain. Res. Rev. - 2005. - Vol. 50, № 2. - P. 266-274.
18. Restrepo L., Wityk R. J., Grega M. A. et al. Diffusionand perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the brain before and after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery // Stroke. - 2002. - Vol. 33. - P. 2909-2915.
19. Knipp S. C., Matatko N., Wilhelm H. Evaluation of brain injury after coronary artery bypass grafting. A prospective study using neuropsychological assessment and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging // Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. - 2004. - Vol. 25. - P. 791-800.
20. Stolz E., Gerriets T., Kluge A. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and neurobiochemical markers after aortic valve replacement // Stroke. - 2004. - Vol. 35. - P. 888-892.
21. Floyd T. F., Shah P. N., Price C. C. et al. Clinically silent cerebral ischemic events after cardiac surgery: their incidence, regional vascular occurrence, and procedural dependence // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 2006. - Vol. 81, № 6. - P. 2160-2166.
22. Wityk R. J., Goldsborough M. A., Hillis A. et al. Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with neurologic complications after cardiac surgery // Arch. Neurol. - 2001. - Vol. 58, № 4. - P. 571-576.
23. Barbut D., Grassineau D., Lis E. et al, Posterior distribution of infarcts in strokes related to cardiac operations // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 1998. - Vol. 65, № 6. - P. 1656-1659.
24. Likosky D. S., Marrin C. A., Caplan L. R. et al. Determination of etiologic mechanisms of strokes secondary to coronary artery bypass graft surgery // Stroke. - 2003. - Vol. 34, № 12. - P. 2830-2834.
25. Gottesman R. F., Sherman P. M., Grega M. A. et al. Watershed strokes after cardiac surgery: diagnosis, etiology, and outcome ///Ibid. - 2006. - Vol. 37, № 9. - P. 2306-2311.
26. Lee J. D., Lee S. J., Tsushima W. T. et al. Benefits of off-pump bypass on neurologic and clinical morbidity: a prospective randomized trial // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 2003. - Vol. 76. - P. 18-26.
27. Weinstein G. S. Left hemispheric strokes in coronary surgery: implications for end-hole aortic cannulas // Ibid. - 2001. - Vol. 71, № 1. - P. 128-132.
28. Rasmussen L. S., Sperling B., Abildstrom H. H., Moller J. T. Neuron loss after coronary artery bypass detected by SPECT estimation of benzodiazepine receptors // Ibid. - 2002. - Vol. 74. - Vol. 1576-1580.
29. Chernov V. I., Efimova N. Y., Efimova I. Y. et al. Short-term and long-term cognitive function and cerebral perfusion in off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass patients // Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. - 2006. - Vol. 29, № 1. - P. 74-81.
30. Kohn A. Magnetic resonance imaging registration and quantitation of the brain before and after coronary artery bypass graft surgery // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 2002. - Vol. 73. - P. 363-365.
31. Bokeriia L. A., Golukhova E. Z., Breskina N. Y. et al. Asymmetric cerebral embolic load and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in cardiac surgery // Cerebrovasc. Dis. - 2007. - Vol. 23. - P. 50-56.
32. Barbut D., Lo Y. W., Gold J. P. et al. Impact of embolization during coronary artery bypass grafting on outcome and length of stay // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 1997. - Vol. 63, № 4. - P. 998-1002.
33. Sylivris S., Levi C., Matalanis G., Rosalion A. et al. Pattern and significance of cerebral microemboli during coronary artery bypass grafting // Ibid. - 1998. - Vol. 66. - P. 1674-1678.
34. Moody D. M., Brown W. R., Challa V. R. et al. Brain microemboli associated with cardiopulmonary bypass: a histologic and magnetic resonance imaging study // Ibid. - 1995. - Vol. 59. - P. 1304-1307.
35. Brown W. R., Moody D. M., Challa V. R. et al. Longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with greater numbers of cerebral microemboli // Stroke. - 2000. - Vol. 31. - P. 707-713
36. Atochin D. N., Murciano J. C., Gьrsoy-Ozdemir Y. et al. Mouse model of microembolic stroke and reperfusion // Ibid. - 2004. - Vol. 35, № 9. - P. 2177-2182.
37. Reichenspurner H., Navia J. A., Berry G. et al. Particulate emboli capture by an intra-aortic filter device during cardiac surgery // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. - 2000. - Vol. 119, № 2. - P. 233-241.
38. Horvath K. A., Berry G. J. The Incidence of Emboli during Cardiac Surgery: A Histopathologic Analysis of 2297 Patients // Heart Surg. Forum. - 2005. - Vol. 8, № 3. - P. E161-E166.
39. Abu-Omar Y., Balacumaraswami L., Pigott D. W. et al. Solid and gaseous cerebral microembolization during off-pump, on-pump, and open cardiac surgery procedures // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. - 2004. - Vol. 127, № 6. - P. 1759-1765.
40. Taylor R. L., Borger M. A., Weisel R. D. et al. Cerebral microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass: increased emboli during perfusionist interventions // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 1999. - Vol. 68. - P. 89-93.
41. Rodriguez R. A., Williams K. A., Babaev A. et al. Effect of perfusionist technique on cerebral embolization during cardiopulmonary bypass // Perfusion. - 2005. - Vol. 20, № 1. - P. 3-10.
42. Brжkken S. K., Reinvang I., Russell D. et al. Association between intraoperative cerebral microembolic signals and postoperative neuropsychological deficit: comparison between patients with cardiac valve replacement and patients with coronary artery bypass grafting // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. - 1998. - Vol. 65. - P. 573-576.
43. Neville M. J., Butterworth J., James R. L. et al. Similar neurobehavioral outcome after valve or coronary artery operations despite differing carotid embolic counts // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. - 2001. - Vol. 121, № 1. - P. 125-136.
44. Brooker R. F., Brown W. R., Moody D. M. et al. Cardiotomy suction: a major source of brain lipid emboli during cardiopulmonary bypass // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 1998. - Vol. 65, № 6. - P. 1651-1655.
45. Jonsson H., Holm C., Nilsson A. et al. Particle separation using ultrasound can radically reduce embolic load to brain after cardiac surgery // Ibid. - 2004. - Vol. 78, № 5. - P. 1572-1577.
46. Kumral E., Balkir K., Yagdi T. et al. Microembolic signals in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting // Tex. Heart Inst. J. - 2001. - Vol. 28. - P. 16-20.
47. Stanley T. O., Mackensen G. B., Grocott H. P. et al. The impact of postoperative atrial fibrillation on neurocognitive outcome after coronary artery bypass graft surgery // Anesth. Analg. - 2002. - Vol. 94. - P. 290-295.
48. Bladin C. F., Bingham L., Grigg L. et al. Transcranial Doppler detection of microemboli during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty // Stroke. - 1998. - Vol. 29, № 11. - P. 2367-2370.
48. Stygall J., Kong R., Walker J. M. et al. Cerebral microembolism detected by transcranial Doppler during cardiac procedures // Ibid. - 2000. - Vol. 31, № 10. - P. 2508-2510.
50. Lund C., Nes R. B., Ugelstad T. P. et al. Cerebral emboli during left heart catheterization may cause acute brain injury // Eur. Heart J. - 2005. - Vol. 26, № 13. - P. 1269-1275.
51. Leker R. R., Pollak A., Abramsky O., Ben-Hur T. Abundance of left hemispheric embolic strokes complicating coronary angiography and PTCA // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. - 1999. - Vol. 66, № 1. - P. 116-117.
52. Segal A. Z., Abernethy W. B., Palacios I. F. et al. Stroke as a complication of cardiac catheterization: risk factors and clinical features // Neurology. - 2001. - Vol. 10, № 7. - P. 975-957.
53. Tamura M., Zьlch K. J. Experimental microembolism of the brain // Neurosurg. Rev. - 1978. - Vol. 111-117.
54. Roos M. W., Sperber G. O. Effects of microemboli on local blood flow in the rabbit brain // Exper. Neurol. - 1998. - Vol. 149. - P. 384-389.
55. Bronden B., Dencker M., Allers M. et al. Differential distribution of lipid microemboli after cardiac surgery // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 2006. - Vol. 81, № 2. - P. 643-638.
56. Martens S., Theisen A., Balzer J. O. et al. Improved cerebral protection through replacement of residual intracavital air by carbon dioxide: a porcine model using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. - 2004. - Vol. 127, № 1. - P. 51-56.
57. Herren J. I., Kunzelman K. S., Vocelka C. et al. Angiographic and histological evaluation of porcine retinal vascular damage and protection with perfluorocarbons after massive air embolism // Stroke. - 1998. - Vol. 29, № 11. - P. 2396-2403.
58. Mьller M., Ciccotti P., Axmann C., Kreissler-Haag D. et al. Embolic cerebral ischemia in carotid surgery: a model for human embolic stroke? // Med. Sci. Monit. - 2003. - Vol. 9, № 10. - P. 411-416.
59. Borger M. A., Taylor R. L., Weisel R. D. et al. Decreased cerebral emboli during distal aortic arch cannulation: a randomized clinical trial // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. - 1999. - Vol. 118. - P. 740-745.
60. Albert A. A., Beller C. J., Arnrich B. et al. Is there any impact of the shape of aortic end-hole cannula on stroke occurrence? clinical evaluation of straight and bent-tip aortic cannulae // Perfusion. - 2002. - Vol. 17, № 6. - P. 451-456.
61. Selnes O. A., Goldsborough M. A., Borowicz L. M. et al. Determinants of cognitive change after coronary artery bypass surgery: a multifactorial problem // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 1999. - Vol. 67. - P. 1669-1676.
62. van Wermeskerken G. K., Lardenoye J. W. H., Hill S. E. et al. Intraoperative physiologic variables and outcome in cardiac surgery: part II. Neurologic outcome // Ibid. - 2000. - Vol. 69. - P. 1077-1083.
63. Ganushchak Y. M., Fransen E. J., Visser C. et al. Neurological complications after coronary artery bypass grafting related to the performance of cardiopulmonary bypass // Chest. - 2004. - Vol. 125, № 6. - P. 2196-2205.
64. D'Agostino R. S., Svensson L. G., Neumann D. J. et al. Screening carotid ultrasonography and risk factors for stroke in coronary artery surgery patients // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 1996. - Vol. 62, № 6. - P. 1714-1723.
65. Blacker D. J. Flemming K. D., Wijdicks E. F. M. Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic vertebrobasilar stenosis undergoing surgical procedures // Stroke. - 2003. - Vol. 34. - P. 2659-2663
66. Caplan L. R., Hennerici M. Impaired clearance of emboli (washout) is an important link between hypoperfusion, embolism, and ischemic stroke // Arch. Neurol. - 1998. - Vol. 55, № 11. - P. 1475-1482.
67. Omae T., Mayzel-Oreg O., Li F. et al. Inapparent hemodynamic insufficiency exacerbates ischemic damage in a rat microembolic stroke model // Stroke. - 2000. - Vol. 31, № 10. - P. 2494-2499.
68. Orlandi G., Fanucchi S., Gallerini S. et al. Impaired clearance of microemboli and cerebrovascular symptoms during carotid stenting procedures // Arch. Neurol. - 2005. - Vol. 62, № 8. - P. 1208-1211.
69. Plцchl W., Cook D. J., Orszulak T. A., Daly R. C. Intracranial pressure and venous cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass // Anesth. Analg. - 1999. - Vol. 88, № 2. - P. 329-331.
70. Костылев А. Н. Влияние сопутствующей вертеб- робазилярной недостаточности на постнаркоз- ное восстановление // Анестезиол. и реанима- тол. - 2004. - № 3. - P. 17-20.
71. Weintraub M. I., Khoury A. Cerebral hemodynamic changes induced by simulated tracheal intubation: a possible role in perioperative stroke? Magnetic resonance angiography and flow analysis in 160 cases. Stroke. - 1998. - Vol. 29. - P. 1644-1649.
72. Murkin J. M. Pathophysiological basis of CNS injury in cardiac surgical patients: detection and prevention // Perfusion. - 2006. - Vol. 21, № 4. - P. 203-208.
References
1. Бокерия Л. А., Голухова Е. З., Полунина А. Г. и др. Когнитивные нарушения у кардиохирургических больных: неврологические корреляты, диагностические подходы и клиническое значение // Креативная кардиология. - 2007, № 1-2. - С. 231-243.2. Шевченко Ю. Л., Одинак М. М., Кузнецов А. Н., Ерофеев А. А. Кардиогенный и ангиогенный церебральный эмболический инсульт. - М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2006.
3. McKhann G. M., Grega M. A., Borowicz L. M. et al. Encephalopathy and stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting: incidence, consequences, and prediction // Arch. Neurol. - 2002. - Vol. 59, № 9. - P. 1422-1428.
4. Grocott H. P., Homi H. M., Puskas F. Cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery: revisiting etiology // Semin. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. - 2005. - Vol. 9, № 2. - P. 123-129.
5. Hogue C. W., Palin C. A., Arrowsmith J. E. Cardiopulmonary bypass management and neurologic outcomes: an evidence-based appraisal of current practices // Anesth. Analg. - 2006. - Vol. 103. - P. 21-37.
6. Salazar J. D., Wityk R. J., Grega M. A. et al. Stroke after cardiac surgery: short- and long-term outcomes // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 2001. - Vol. 72, № 4. - P. 1195-1201.
7. Bucerius J., Gummert J. F., Borger M. A. et al. Stroke after cardiac surgery: a risk factor analysis of 16,184 consecutive adult patients // Ibid. - 2003. - Vol. 75, № 2. - P. 472-428.
8. Perez-Vela J. L., Ramos-Gonzalez A., Lopez-Almodovar L. F. et al. Neurologic complications in the immediate postoperative period after cardiac surgery. Role of brain magnetic resonance imaging // Rev. Esp. Cardiol. - 2005. - Vol. 58, № 9. - P. 1014-1021.
9. Bucerius J., Gummert J. F., Borger M. A. et al. Predictors of delirium after cardiac surgery delirium: effect of beating-heart (off-pump) surgery // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. - 2004. - Vol. 127, № 1. - P. 57-64.
10. Newman M. F., Grocott H. P., Mathew J. P. et al. Report of the substudy assessing the impact of neurocognitive function on quality of life 5 years after cardiac surgery // Stroke. - 2001. - Vol. 32. - P. 2874-2881.
11. Ahlgren E., Lundqvist A., Nordlund A. et al. Neurocognitive impairment and driving performance after coronary artery bypass surgery // Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. - 2003. - Vol. 23. - P. 334-340.
12. Lee T. A., Wolozin B., Weiss K. B., Bednar M. M. Assessment of the emergence of Alzheimer's disease following coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty // J. Alzheimers Dis. - 2005. - Vol. 7, № 4. - P. 319-324.
13. Harris D. N., Oatridge A., Dob D. et al. Cerebral swelling after normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass // Anesthesiology. - 1998. - Vol. 88, № 2. - P. 340-345.
14. Jacobs A., Neveling M., Horst M. et al. Alterations of neuropsychological function and cerebral glucose metabolism after cardiac surgery are not related only to intraoperative microembolic events // Stroke. - 1998. - Vol. 29. - P. 660-667.
15. Anderson R. E., Li T. Q., Hindmarsh T. et al. Increased extracellular brain water after coronary artery bypass grafting is avoided by off-pump surgery // J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesthesia. - 1999. - Vol. 13. - P. 698-702.
16. Bendszus M., Reents W., Franke D. et al. Brain damage after coronary artery bypass grafting // Arch. Neurol. - 2002. - Vol. 59. - P. 1090-1095.
17. Bokeriia L. A, Golukhova E. Z., Polunina A. G. et al. Neural correlates of cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery // Brain. Res. Rev. - 2005. - Vol. 50, № 2. - P. 266-274.
18. Restrepo L., Wityk R. J., Grega M. A. et al. Diffusionand perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the brain before and after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery // Stroke. - 2002. - Vol. 33. - P. 2909-2915.
19. Knipp S. C., Matatko N., Wilhelm H. Evaluation of brain injury after coronary artery bypass grafting. A prospective study using neuropsychological assessment and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging // Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. - 2004. - Vol. 25. - P. 791-800.
20. Stolz E., Gerriets T., Kluge A. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and neurobiochemical markers after aortic valve replacement // Stroke. - 2004. - Vol. 35. - P. 888-892.
21. Floyd T. F., Shah P. N., Price C. C. et al. Clinically silent cerebral ischemic events after cardiac surgery: their incidence, regional vascular occurrence, and procedural dependence // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 2006. - Vol. 81, № 6. - P. 2160-2166.
22. Wityk R. J., Goldsborough M. A., Hillis A. et al. Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with neurologic complications after cardiac surgery // Arch. Neurol. - 2001. - Vol. 58, № 4. - P. 571-576.
23. Barbut D., Grassineau D., Lis E. et al, Posterior distribution of infarcts in strokes related to cardiac operations // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 1998. - Vol. 65, № 6. - P. 1656-1659.
24. Likosky D. S., Marrin C. A., Caplan L. R. et al. Determination of etiologic mechanisms of strokes secondary to coronary artery bypass graft surgery // Stroke. - 2003. - Vol. 34, № 12. - P. 2830-2834.
25. Gottesman R. F., Sherman P. M., Grega M. A. et al. Watershed strokes after cardiac surgery: diagnosis, etiology, and outcome ///Ibid. - 2006. - Vol. 37, № 9. - P. 2306-2311.
26. Lee J. D., Lee S. J., Tsushima W. T. et al. Benefits of off-pump bypass on neurologic and clinical morbidity: a prospective randomized trial // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 2003. - Vol. 76. - P. 18-26.
27. Weinstein G. S. Left hemispheric strokes in coronary surgery: implications for end-hole aortic cannulas // Ibid. - 2001. - Vol. 71, № 1. - P. 128-132.
28. Rasmussen L. S., Sperling B., Abildstrom H. H., Moller J. T. Neuron loss after coronary artery bypass detected by SPECT estimation of benzodiazepine receptors // Ibid. - 2002. - Vol. 74. - Vol. 1576-1580.
29. Chernov V. I., Efimova N. Y., Efimova I. Y. et al. Short-term and long-term cognitive function and cerebral perfusion in off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass patients // Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. - 2006. - Vol. 29, № 1. - P. 74-81.
30. Kohn A. Magnetic resonance imaging registration and quantitation of the brain before and after coronary artery bypass graft surgery // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 2002. - Vol. 73. - P. 363-365.
31. Bokeriia L. A., Golukhova E. Z., Breskina N. Y. et al. Asymmetric cerebral embolic load and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in cardiac surgery // Cerebrovasc. Dis. - 2007. - Vol. 23. - P. 50-56.
32. Barbut D., Lo Y. W., Gold J. P. et al. Impact of embolization during coronary artery bypass grafting on outcome and length of stay // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 1997. - Vol. 63, № 4. - P. 998-1002.
33. Sylivris S., Levi C., Matalanis G., Rosalion A. et al. Pattern and significance of cerebral microemboli during coronary artery bypass grafting // Ibid. - 1998. - Vol. 66. - P. 1674-1678.
34. Moody D. M., Brown W. R., Challa V. R. et al. Brain microemboli associated with cardiopulmonary bypass: a histologic and magnetic resonance imaging study // Ibid. - 1995. - Vol. 59. - P. 1304-1307.
35. Brown W. R., Moody D. M., Challa V. R. et al. Longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with greater numbers of cerebral microemboli // Stroke. - 2000. - Vol. 31. - P. 707-713
36. Atochin D. N., Murciano J. C., Gьrsoy-Ozdemir Y. et al. Mouse model of microembolic stroke and reperfusion // Ibid. - 2004. - Vol. 35, № 9. - P. 2177-2182.
37. Reichenspurner H., Navia J. A., Berry G. et al. Particulate emboli capture by an intra-aortic filter device during cardiac surgery // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. - 2000. - Vol. 119, № 2. - P. 233-241.
38. Horvath K. A., Berry G. J. The Incidence of Emboli during Cardiac Surgery: A Histopathologic Analysis of 2297 Patients // Heart Surg. Forum. - 2005. - Vol. 8, № 3. - P. E161-E166.
39. Abu-Omar Y., Balacumaraswami L., Pigott D. W. et al. Solid and gaseous cerebral microembolization during off-pump, on-pump, and open cardiac surgery procedures // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. - 2004. - Vol. 127, № 6. - P. 1759-1765.
40. Taylor R. L., Borger M. A., Weisel R. D. et al. Cerebral microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass: increased emboli during perfusionist interventions // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 1999. - Vol. 68. - P. 89-93.
41. Rodriguez R. A., Williams K. A., Babaev A. et al. Effect of perfusionist technique on cerebral embolization during cardiopulmonary bypass // Perfusion. - 2005. - Vol. 20, № 1. - P. 3-10.
42. Brжkken S. K., Reinvang I., Russell D. et al. Association between intraoperative cerebral microembolic signals and postoperative neuropsychological deficit: comparison between patients with cardiac valve replacement and patients with coronary artery bypass grafting // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. - 1998. - Vol. 65. - P. 573-576.
43. Neville M. J., Butterworth J., James R. L. et al. Similar neurobehavioral outcome after valve or coronary artery operations despite differing carotid embolic counts // J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. - 2001. - Vol. 121, № 1. - P. 125-136.
44. Brooker R. F., Brown W. R., Moody D. M. et al. Cardiotomy suction: a major source of brain lipid emboli during cardiopulmonary bypass // Ann. Thorac. Surg. - 1998. - Vol. 65, № 6. - P. 1651-1655.
45. Jonsson H., Holm C., Nilsson A. et al. Particle separation using ultrasound can radically reduce embolic load to brain after cardiac surgery // Ibid. - 2004. - Vol. 78, № 5. - P. 1572-1577.
46. Kumral E., Balkir K., Yagdi T. et al. Microembolic signals in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting // Tex. Heart Inst. J. - 2001. - Vol. 28. - P. 16-20.
47. Stanley T. O., Mackensen G. B., Grocott H. P. et al. The impact of postoperative atrial fibrillation on neurocognitive outcome after coronary artery bypass graft surgery // Anesth. Analg. - 2002. - Vol. 94. - P. 290-295.
48. Bladin C. F., Bingham L., Grigg L. et al. Transcranial Doppler detection of microemboli during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty // Stroke. - 1998. - Vol. 29, № 11. - P. 2367-2370.
48. Stygall J., Kong R., Walker J. M. et al. Cerebral microembolism detected by transcranial Doppler during cardiac procedures // Ibid. - 2000. - Vol. 31, № 10. - P. 2508-2510.
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