Незаращенное овальное отверстие и парадоксальная церебральная эмболия
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2. Иваницкий, А. В. Открытое овальное окно: роль в патогенезе ряда неврологических заболеваний и методы их лечения / А. В. Иваницкий, Е. З. Голухо- ва, А. И. Косенко // Журн. невропатол. и психиатрии им. С. С. Корсакова. - 2004. - № 5. - С. 65-68.
3. Инсульт. Практическое руководство для ведения больных / Под ред. Ч. П. Ворлоу, М. С. Денниса, Ж. Ван Гейна и др. - СПб., 1998.
4. Инсульт. Принципы диагностики, лечения и профилактики / Под ред. Н. В. Верещагина, М. А. Пирадова, З. А. Суслиной. - СПб., 2002.
5. Кузнецов, А. Н. Ультразвуковая допплеровская диагностика в клинике / А. Н Кузнецов; под ред. Ю. М. Никитина, А. И. Труханова. - М.: МИК, 2004. - С. 182-188.
6. Онищенко, Е. Ф. Открытое овальное окно и инсульт в клинической практике / Е. Ф. Онищенко. - СПб., 2005.
7. Онищенко, Е. Ф. Пролонгированная инфузионная контрастная эхокардиография с перекисью водорода / Е. Ф. Онищенко, А. С. Ильин // Тер. ар- хив. - 1995. - Т. 9. - С. 78-81.
8. Суслина, З. А. Ишемический инсульт: кровь, сосудистая стенка, антитромботическая терапия / З. А. Суслина, М. М. Танашян, В. Г. Ионова. - М., 2004.
9. Фонякин, А. В. Кардиологическая диагностика при ишемическом инсульте / А. В. Фонякин, З. А. Суслина, Л. А. Гераскина. - СПб., 2005.
10. Шиллер. Клиническая эхокардиография / Шиллер, М. А. Осипов. - М., 2005.
11. Albers, G. W. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy / G. W. Albers, P. Amarenco, J. D. Easton et al. // Chest. - 2004. - Vol. 126 (Suppl.). - P. 438-512.
12. Arquizan, C. Is patent foramen ovale a family trait? / C. Arquizan, J. Coste, P.-J. Touboul et al. // Stroke. - 2001. - Vol. 32. - P. 1563-1566.
13. Bezzi, G. Leiden mutation and patent foramen ovale in ischemic stroke / G. Bezzi, W. Bolzani, V. Compagnoni et al. // Neurol. Sci. - 2002. - Vol. 23. - P. 229-231.
14. Bogousslavsky, J. Stroke reccurrence in patients with patent foramen ovale: The Lausanne study // J. Bogousslavsky, S. X. Garazi, Jeanrenaud et al. // Neurology. - 1996. - Vol. 46. - P. 1301-1305.
15. Bridges, N. D. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale after presumed paradoxical embolism / N. D. Bridges, W. Hellebrand, L. Latson et al. // Circulation. - 1992. - Vol. 86. - P. 1902-1908.
16. Bruch, L. Transcatheter closure of interatrial communications for secondary prevention of paradoxical embolism: single-center experience / L. Bruch, A. Parsi, M. O. Grand et al. // Circulation. - 2002. - Vol. 105. - P. 2845-2848.
17. Cabanes, L. Atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale as risk factors for cryptogenic stroke in patients less than 55 years of age. A study using transesophageal echocardiography / L. Cabanes, J. L. Mas, A. Cohen et al. // Stroke. - 1993. - Vol. 24. - P. 1865-1873.
18. Carod, F. Thrombophilia and patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients / F. Carod, N. S. Vilela, D. Portugal // Neurol. - 2006. - Vol. 21. - P. 710-716.
19. Christie, A. Normal closing time of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus: an anatomical and statistical surgery / A. Christie // Amer. J. Dis. Child. - 1930. - Vol. 40. - P. 323-326.
20. Comess, K. A. Transesophageal echocardiography and carotid ultrasound in patients with cerebral ischemia: prevalence of findings and recurrent stroke risk / K. A.Comess, F. A. De Rook, K. W. Beach et al. // J. Amer. Coll. Cardiol. - 1994. - Vol. 23. - P. 1598-1603.
21. Corrin, B. Paradoxical embolism / B. Corrin // Brit. Heart J. - 1964. - Vol. 26. - P. 549-553.
22. Cujec, B. Prevention of recurrent cerebral ischemic events in patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic strokes or transient ischemic attacks / B. Cujec, R. Manira, D. H. Johnson // Can. J. Cardiol. - 1999. - Vol. 15. - P. 57-64.
23. Cujec, B. Transesophageal echocardiography in the detection of potential cardiac source of embolism in stroke patients / B. Cujec, P. Polasek, C.Voll, A. Shuaib // Stroke. - 1991. - Vol. 22. - P. 727-733.
24. Desai, A. J. Patent foramen ovale and cerebrovascular diseases / A. J. Desai, C. J. Fuller, J. T. Jesurum, M. Reisman // Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. - 2006. - Vol. 3. - P. 446-455.
25. Di Tullio, M. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for the detection of a patent foramen ovale in stroke patients / M. Di Tullio, R. L. Sacco, N. Venketasubramanian et al. // Stroke. - 1993. - Vol. 24. - P. 1020-1024.
26. Falk, R. H. PFO or UFO? The role of a patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke / R. H. Falk // Amer. Heart J. - 1991. - Vol. 121. - P. 1264-1266.
27. Furlan, A. J. Patent foramen ovale and recurrent stroke: closure is the best option: yes / A. J. Furlan // Stroke. - 2004. - Vol. 35. - P. 803-804.
28. Hagen, P. T. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts / P. T. Hagen, D. G. Scholz, W. D. Edwards // Mayo Clin. Proc. - 1984. - Vol. 59. - P. 17-20.
29. Hanna, J. P. Cardiac disease and embolic sources. In Brain ischemia: basic concepts and clinical relevance / J. P. Hanna, A. J. Furlan; ed. by L. R. Caplan. - London [etc.]: Springer-Verlag, 1995. - P. 299-315.
30. Hanna, J. P. Patent foramen ovale and brain infarct. Echocardiographic predictors, recurrence, and prevention / J. P. Hanna, J. P. Sun, A. J. Furlan et al. // Stroke. - 1994. - Vol. 25. - P. 782-786.
31. Homma, S. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study / S. Homma, R. L. Sacco, M. R. Di Tulio et al.; for the PFO in Criptogenic Stroke Staty (PTCSS) Investigators // Circulation. - 2002. - Vol. 105. - P. 2625-2631.
32. Homma, S. Patent foramen ovale and stroke / S. Homma, R. L. Sacco Di, M. R. Tulio et al. // Circulation. - 2005. - Vol. 112. - P. 1063-1072.
33. Jauss, M. Detection of right-to-left shunt with ultrasound contrast agent and transcranial Doppler sonography / M. Jauss, E. Zanette // Cerebrovasc. Dis. - 2000. - Vol. 10. - P. 490-496.
34. Johnson, B. I. Paradoxical embolism / B. I. Johnson // J. Clin. Pathol. - 1951. - Vol. 4. - P. 316-332.
35. Karttunen, V. Factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation may predispose to paradoxical embolism in subjects with patent foramen ovale / V. Karttunen, L. Hiltunen, V. Rasi et al. // Blood. Coagul. Fibrinolysis. - 2003. - Vol. 14. - P. 261-268.
36. Karttunen, V. Ear oximetry: A noninvasive method for detection of patent foramen ovale / V. Karttunen, V. Markku, M. Ikдheimo et al. // Stroke. - 2001. - Vol. 32. - P. 448-454.
37. Khositseth, A. Transcatheter Amplatzer device closure of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale in patients with presumed paradoxical embolism / A. Khositseth, A. K. Cabalka, J. P. Sweeney et al. // Mayo Clin. Proc. - 2004. - Vol. 79. - P. 15-20.
38. Kizer, J. R. Patent foramen ovale in young adults with unexplained stroke / J. R. Kizer, B. Richard, M. D. Devereux et al. // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2005. - Vol. 353. - P. 2361-2372.
39. Lamy, C. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both / C. Lamy, J. L. Mas, C. Arquizan et al. // Ibid. - 2001. - Vol. 345. - P. 1740-1746.
40. Landzberg, M. J. Indications for the closure of patent foramen ovale / M. J. Landzberg, P. Khairy // Heart. - 2004. - Vol. 90. - P. 219-224.
41. Lechat, P. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke / P. Lechat, J. L. Mas, G. Lascault et al. // New Eng. J. Med. - 1988. - Vol. 318. - P. 1148-1152.
42. Lethen, H. Frequency of deep vein thrombosis in patients with patent foramen ovale and ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack / H. Lethen, F. A. Flachskampf, R. Schneider et al. // Amer. J. Cardiol. - 1997. - Vol. 80. - P. 1066-1069.
43. Lin, M. C. Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defect using the Amplatzer Septal Occluder: initial results of a single medical center in Taiwan / M. C. Lin, Y. C. Fu, S. L. Jan et al. // Acta Paediatr. Taiwan. - 2005. - Vol. 46. - P. 17-23.
44. Martin, F. Percutaneous transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism / F. Martin, P. L. Sanchez, E. Doherty et al. // Circulation. - 2002. - Vol. 106. - P. 1121-1126.
45. Mas, J. L. Recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both and cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack / J. L. Mas, M. Zuber; French Study Group on Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Aneurysm // Amer. Heart J. - 1995. - Vol. 130. - P. 1083-1088.
46. Mugge, A. Atrial septal aneurysm in adult patients: a multicenter study using transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography / A. Mugge, W. G. Daniel, C. Angermann // Circulation. - 1995. - Vol. 91. - P. 2785-2792.
47. Nadas, A. Pediatric cardiology / A. Nadas, D. Fyler. - Philadelphia, 1972.
48. Nedeltchev, M. Contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler ultrasound for diagnosis of patent foramen ovale / M. Nedeltchev, H. P. Mattle // Front. Neurol. Neurosci. - 2006. - Vol. 21. - P. 206-215.
49. Overell, J. R. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a metaanalysis of case-control studies / J. R. Overell, I. Bone, K. R. Lees // Neurology. - 2000. - Vol. 55. - P. 1172-1179.
50. Patten, B. M. An unusual type of atrial heart / B. M. Patten, W. B. Taggart // Arch. Path. - 1929. - Vol. 8. - P. 894-899.
51. Purandare, N. Cerebral emboli and paradoxical embolisation in dementia: a pilot study / N. Purandare, S. Welsh, S. Hutchinson et al. // Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. - 2005. - Vol. 20. - P. 12-16.
52. Ranoux, D. Patent Foramen Ovale: Is stroke due to paradoxical embolism? / D. Ranoux, A. Cohen, L. Cabanes et al. // Stroke. - 1993. - Vol. 24. - P. 31-34.
53. Sastry, S. Young adult myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke: the role of paradoxical embolism and thrombophilia (The YAMIS Study) / S. Sastry, G. Ridding, J. Morris et al. // J. Amer. Coll. Cardiol. - 2006. - Vol. 48. - P. 686-691.
54. Sacco, R. L. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack; AHA/ASA Guideline / R. L. Sacco, R. Adams, G. Albers et al. // Stroke. - 2006. - Vol. 37. - P. 577-617.
55. Schussler, J. M. Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula discovered after percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure in a 27-year old woman / J. M. Schussler, S. D. Philips, A. Anwar // J. Invas. Cardiol. - 2003. - Vol. 15. - P. 83-88.
56. Stollberger, C. The prevalence of deep venous thrombosis in patient with suspected paradoxical embolism / C. Stollberger, J. Slany, I. Schuster et al. // Ann. Int. Med. - 1993. - Vol. 119. - P. 461-465.
57. Tong, D. C. Patent foramen ovale and recurrent stroke. Closure is the best option: no / D. C. Tong, K. J. Becker // Stroke. - 2004. - Vol. 35. - P. 804-805.
58. Zabalgoitia-Reyes, M. A possible mechanism for neurologic ischemic events in patients with atrial septal aneurysm / M. Zabalgoitia-Reyes, C. Herrera, D. K. Ghandi et al. // Amer. J. Cardiol. - 1990. - Vol. 66. - P. 761-764.
Abstract
Paradoxical embolism (PE) is one of mechanisms of cerebral lesion. Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is considered to be the main way of PE realization. The frequency of PFO detection is approximately 35% in population, but it is increased in young patients with cryptogenic stroke. At the moment, there is no single opinion about PFOs role in stroke pathogenesis. Thus, there are some harsh questions about secondary stroke prevention in patients with PFO. The article deals with the role of PFO and other conditions, which could increase the risk of stroke. The choice between antithrombotic therapy and surgical (transcatheter) closure of PFO was discussedReferences
1. Болезни нервной системы: руководство для врачей / Под ред. Н. Н. Яхно, Д. Р. Штульмана. - Изд-е 3-е, перераб. и доп. - М., 2003.2. Иваницкий, А. В. Открытое овальное окно: роль в патогенезе ряда неврологических заболеваний и методы их лечения / А. В. Иваницкий, Е. З. Голухо- ва, А. И. Косенко // Журн. невропатол. и психиатрии им. С. С. Корсакова. - 2004. - № 5. - С. 65-68.
3. Инсульт. Практическое руководство для ведения больных / Под ред. Ч. П. Ворлоу, М. С. Денниса, Ж. Ван Гейна и др. - СПб., 1998.
4. Инсульт. Принципы диагностики, лечения и профилактики / Под ред. Н. В. Верещагина, М. А. Пирадова, З. А. Суслиной. - СПб., 2002.
5. Кузнецов, А. Н. Ультразвуковая допплеровская диагностика в клинике / А. Н Кузнецов; под ред. Ю. М. Никитина, А. И. Труханова. - М.: МИК, 2004. - С. 182-188.
6. Онищенко, Е. Ф. Открытое овальное окно и инсульт в клинической практике / Е. Ф. Онищенко. - СПб., 2005.
7. Онищенко, Е. Ф. Пролонгированная инфузионная контрастная эхокардиография с перекисью водорода / Е. Ф. Онищенко, А. С. Ильин // Тер. ар- хив. - 1995. - Т. 9. - С. 78-81.
8. Суслина, З. А. Ишемический инсульт: кровь, сосудистая стенка, антитромботическая терапия / З. А. Суслина, М. М. Танашян, В. Г. Ионова. - М., 2004.
9. Фонякин, А. В. Кардиологическая диагностика при ишемическом инсульте / А. В. Фонякин, З. А. Суслина, Л. А. Гераскина. - СПб., 2005.
10. Шиллер. Клиническая эхокардиография / Шиллер, М. А. Осипов. - М., 2005.
11. Albers, G. W. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy / G. W. Albers, P. Amarenco, J. D. Easton et al. // Chest. - 2004. - Vol. 126 (Suppl.). - P. 438-512.
12. Arquizan, C. Is patent foramen ovale a family trait? / C. Arquizan, J. Coste, P.-J. Touboul et al. // Stroke. - 2001. - Vol. 32. - P. 1563-1566.
13. Bezzi, G. Leiden mutation and patent foramen ovale in ischemic stroke / G. Bezzi, W. Bolzani, V. Compagnoni et al. // Neurol. Sci. - 2002. - Vol. 23. - P. 229-231.
14. Bogousslavsky, J. Stroke reccurrence in patients with patent foramen ovale: The Lausanne study // J. Bogousslavsky, S. X. Garazi, Jeanrenaud et al. // Neurology. - 1996. - Vol. 46. - P. 1301-1305.
15. Bridges, N. D. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale after presumed paradoxical embolism / N. D. Bridges, W. Hellebrand, L. Latson et al. // Circulation. - 1992. - Vol. 86. - P. 1902-1908.
16. Bruch, L. Transcatheter closure of interatrial communications for secondary prevention of paradoxical embolism: single-center experience / L. Bruch, A. Parsi, M. O. Grand et al. // Circulation. - 2002. - Vol. 105. - P. 2845-2848.
17. Cabanes, L. Atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale as risk factors for cryptogenic stroke in patients less than 55 years of age. A study using transesophageal echocardiography / L. Cabanes, J. L. Mas, A. Cohen et al. // Stroke. - 1993. - Vol. 24. - P. 1865-1873.
18. Carod, F. Thrombophilia and patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients / F. Carod, N. S. Vilela, D. Portugal // Neurol. - 2006. - Vol. 21. - P. 710-716.
19. Christie, A. Normal closing time of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus: an anatomical and statistical surgery / A. Christie // Amer. J. Dis. Child. - 1930. - Vol. 40. - P. 323-326.
20. Comess, K. A. Transesophageal echocardiography and carotid ultrasound in patients with cerebral ischemia: prevalence of findings and recurrent stroke risk / K. A.Comess, F. A. De Rook, K. W. Beach et al. // J. Amer. Coll. Cardiol. - 1994. - Vol. 23. - P. 1598-1603.
21. Corrin, B. Paradoxical embolism / B. Corrin // Brit. Heart J. - 1964. - Vol. 26. - P. 549-553.
22. Cujec, B. Prevention of recurrent cerebral ischemic events in patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic strokes or transient ischemic attacks / B. Cujec, R. Manira, D. H. Johnson // Can. J. Cardiol. - 1999. - Vol. 15. - P. 57-64.
23. Cujec, B. Transesophageal echocardiography in the detection of potential cardiac source of embolism in stroke patients / B. Cujec, P. Polasek, C.Voll, A. Shuaib // Stroke. - 1991. - Vol. 22. - P. 727-733.
24. Desai, A. J. Patent foramen ovale and cerebrovascular diseases / A. J. Desai, C. J. Fuller, J. T. Jesurum, M. Reisman // Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. - 2006. - Vol. 3. - P. 446-455.
25. Di Tullio, M. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for the detection of a patent foramen ovale in stroke patients / M. Di Tullio, R. L. Sacco, N. Venketasubramanian et al. // Stroke. - 1993. - Vol. 24. - P. 1020-1024.
26. Falk, R. H. PFO or UFO? The role of a patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke / R. H. Falk // Amer. Heart J. - 1991. - Vol. 121. - P. 1264-1266.
27. Furlan, A. J. Patent foramen ovale and recurrent stroke: closure is the best option: yes / A. J. Furlan // Stroke. - 2004. - Vol. 35. - P. 803-804.
28. Hagen, P. T. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts / P. T. Hagen, D. G. Scholz, W. D. Edwards // Mayo Clin. Proc. - 1984. - Vol. 59. - P. 17-20.
29. Hanna, J. P. Cardiac disease and embolic sources. In Brain ischemia: basic concepts and clinical relevance / J. P. Hanna, A. J. Furlan; ed. by L. R. Caplan. - London [etc.]: Springer-Verlag, 1995. - P. 299-315.
30. Hanna, J. P. Patent foramen ovale and brain infarct. Echocardiographic predictors, recurrence, and prevention / J. P. Hanna, J. P. Sun, A. J. Furlan et al. // Stroke. - 1994. - Vol. 25. - P. 782-786.
31. Homma, S. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study / S. Homma, R. L. Sacco, M. R. Di Tulio et al.; for the PFO in Criptogenic Stroke Staty (PTCSS) Investigators // Circulation. - 2002. - Vol. 105. - P. 2625-2631.
32. Homma, S. Patent foramen ovale and stroke / S. Homma, R. L. Sacco Di, M. R. Tulio et al. // Circulation. - 2005. - Vol. 112. - P. 1063-1072.
33. Jauss, M. Detection of right-to-left shunt with ultrasound contrast agent and transcranial Doppler sonography / M. Jauss, E. Zanette // Cerebrovasc. Dis. - 2000. - Vol. 10. - P. 490-496.
34. Johnson, B. I. Paradoxical embolism / B. I. Johnson // J. Clin. Pathol. - 1951. - Vol. 4. - P. 316-332.
35. Karttunen, V. Factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation may predispose to paradoxical embolism in subjects with patent foramen ovale / V. Karttunen, L. Hiltunen, V. Rasi et al. // Blood. Coagul. Fibrinolysis. - 2003. - Vol. 14. - P. 261-268.
36. Karttunen, V. Ear oximetry: A noninvasive method for detection of patent foramen ovale / V. Karttunen, V. Markku, M. Ikдheimo et al. // Stroke. - 2001. - Vol. 32. - P. 448-454.
37. Khositseth, A. Transcatheter Amplatzer device closure of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale in patients with presumed paradoxical embolism / A. Khositseth, A. K. Cabalka, J. P. Sweeney et al. // Mayo Clin. Proc. - 2004. - Vol. 79. - P. 15-20.
38. Kizer, J. R. Patent foramen ovale in young adults with unexplained stroke / J. R. Kizer, B. Richard, M. D. Devereux et al. // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2005. - Vol. 353. - P. 2361-2372.
39. Lamy, C. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both / C. Lamy, J. L. Mas, C. Arquizan et al. // Ibid. - 2001. - Vol. 345. - P. 1740-1746.
40. Landzberg, M. J. Indications for the closure of patent foramen ovale / M. J. Landzberg, P. Khairy // Heart. - 2004. - Vol. 90. - P. 219-224.
41. Lechat, P. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke / P. Lechat, J. L. Mas, G. Lascault et al. // New Eng. J. Med. - 1988. - Vol. 318. - P. 1148-1152.
42. Lethen, H. Frequency of deep vein thrombosis in patients with patent foramen ovale and ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack / H. Lethen, F. A. Flachskampf, R. Schneider et al. // Amer. J. Cardiol. - 1997. - Vol. 80. - P. 1066-1069.
43. Lin, M. C. Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defect using the Amplatzer Septal Occluder: initial results of a single medical center in Taiwan / M. C. Lin, Y. C. Fu, S. L. Jan et al. // Acta Paediatr. Taiwan. - 2005. - Vol. 46. - P. 17-23.
44. Martin, F. Percutaneous transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism / F. Martin, P. L. Sanchez, E. Doherty et al. // Circulation. - 2002. - Vol. 106. - P. 1121-1126.
45. Mas, J. L. Recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both and cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack / J. L. Mas, M. Zuber; French Study Group on Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Aneurysm // Amer. Heart J. - 1995. - Vol. 130. - P. 1083-1088.
46. Mugge, A. Atrial septal aneurysm in adult patients: a multicenter study using transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography / A. Mugge, W. G. Daniel, C. Angermann // Circulation. - 1995. - Vol. 91. - P. 2785-2792.
47. Nadas, A. Pediatric cardiology / A. Nadas, D. Fyler. - Philadelphia, 1972.
48. Nedeltchev, M. Contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler ultrasound for diagnosis of patent foramen ovale / M. Nedeltchev, H. P. Mattle // Front. Neurol. Neurosci. - 2006. - Vol. 21. - P. 206-215.
49. Overell, J. R. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a metaanalysis of case-control studies / J. R. Overell, I. Bone, K. R. Lees // Neurology. - 2000. - Vol. 55. - P. 1172-1179.
50. Patten, B. M. An unusual type of atrial heart / B. M. Patten, W. B. Taggart // Arch. Path. - 1929. - Vol. 8. - P. 894-899.
51. Purandare, N. Cerebral emboli and paradoxical embolisation in dementia: a pilot study / N. Purandare, S. Welsh, S. Hutchinson et al. // Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. - 2005. - Vol. 20. - P. 12-16.
52. Ranoux, D. Patent Foramen Ovale: Is stroke due to paradoxical embolism? / D. Ranoux, A. Cohen, L. Cabanes et al. // Stroke. - 1993. - Vol. 24. - P. 31-34.
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