Современные методы оценки функции тромбоцитов и их клиническое значение у больных с острым коронарным синдромом
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Габбасов З. А., Попов Е. Г., Гаврилов И. Ю. и др. Новый высокочувствительный метод анализа агрегации тромбоцитов // Лаб. дело. 1989. Т. 10. С. 15-18.
Andersen K., Hurlen M., Arnesen H. at al. Aspirin nonresponsiveness as measured by PFA-100 in patients with coronary artery disease // Thromb. Res. 2002. Vol. 108. P. 37-42.
Angiolillo D. J., Capranzano P., Desai B. et al. Impact of P2Y(12) inhibitory effects induced by clopidogrel on platelet procoagulant activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients // Thromb. Res. 2009. Vol. 124. P. 318-322.
Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration. Collaborative metaanalysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high-risk patients // BMJ. 2002. Vol. 324. P. 71-86.
Barragan P., Bouvier J. L., Roquebert P. O. et al. Resistance to thienopyridines: clinical detection of coronary stent thrombosis by monitoring of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation // Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2003. Vol. 59. P. 295-302.
Bonello L., Camoin-Jau L., Armero S. et al. Tailored clopidogrel loading dose according to platelet reactivity monitoring to prevent acute and subacute stent thrombosis // Am. J. Cardiol. 2009. Vol. 103. P. 5-10.
Bonello L., Camoin-Jau L., Arques S. et al. Adjusted clopidogrel loading doses according to vasodilatorstimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation index decrease rate of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with clopidogrel resistance: a multicenter randomized prospective study // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008. Vol. 51. P. 1404-1411.
Bonello L., Tantry U. S., Marcucci R. et al. Working Group on High On-Treatment Platelet Reactivity. Consensus and future directions on the definition of high on-treatment platelet reactivity to adenosine diphosphate // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010. Vol. 56. P. 919-933.
Born G. V. R. Quantitative investigation into aggregation of blood platelets // J. Physiol. 1962. Vol. 162. P. 67-68.
Breet N. J., van Werkum J. W., Bouman H. J. et al. Comparison of platelet function tests in predicting clinical outcome in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation // JAMA. 2010. Vol. 303, № 8. P. 754-762.
Cadroy Y., Bossavy J. P., Thalamas C. Early potent antithrombotic effect with combined aspirin and a loading dose of clopidogrel on experimental arterial thrombogenesis in humans // Circulation. 2000. Vol. 101. P. 2823-2828.
Campo G., Fileti L., de Cesare N. et al. 3T/2R Investigators. Long-term clinical outcome based on aspirin and clopidogrel responsiveness status after elective percutaneous coronary intervention: a 3T/2R (Tailoring Treatment With Tirofiban in Patients Showing Resistance to Aspirin and/or Resistance to Clopidogrel) Trial substudy // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010. Vol. 56. P. 1447-1455.
Capodanno D., Angiolillo D. J. Platelet monitoring for PCI: which test is the one to choose? // Hamostaseologie. 2009. Vol. 29, № 4. P. 376-380.
Cardinal D. C., Flower R. J. The electronic aggregometer: a novel device for assessing platelet behavior in blood // J. Pharmacol. Methods. 1980. Vol. 3, № 2. P. 135-158.
Catella F., Healy D., Lawson J. A., FitzGerald G. A. 11-Dehydrothromboxane B2: a quantitative index of thromboxane A2 formation in the human circulation // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1986. Vol. 83. P. 5861-5865.
Chen W. H., Lee P. Y., Ng W. et al. Aspirin resistance is associated with a high incidence of myonecrosis after non-urgent percutaneous coronary intervention despite clopidogrel pretreatment // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004. Vol. 43. P. 1122-1126.
Dyszkiewicz-Korpanty A., Olteanu H., Frenkel E. P., Sarode R. Clopidogrel anti-platelet effect: an evaluation by optical aggregometry, impedance aggregometry, and the platelet function analyzer (PFA- 100) // Platelets. 2007. Vol. 18. P. 491-496.
Eikelboom J. W., Hirsh J., White J. I. et al. Aspirin resistant thromboxane biosynthesis and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death in patients at risk of high for cardiovascular event // Circulation. 2002. Vol. 105. P. 1650-1655.
Favaloro E. J. Clinical utility of the PFA-100 // Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 2008. Vol. 34. P. 709-733.
Gonzalez-Conejero R., Rivera J., Corral J. et al. Biological assessment of aspirin efficacy on healthy individuals: heterogeneous response or aspirin failure? // Stroke. 2005. Vol. 36. P. 276-280.
Gori A. M., Marcucci R., Paniccia R. et al. Thrombotic events in high risk patients are predicted by evaluating different pathways of platelet function // Thromb. Haemost. 2008. Vol. 100. P. 1136-1145.
Grotemeyer K. H., Scharafinski H. W., Husstedt J. W. Two year followup of aspirin responders and aspirin non-responders. A pilot study including 180 poststroke patients // Thromb. Res. 1993. Vol. 71. P. 397-403
Gum P. A., Kottke-Marchant K., Welsh P. A. et al. A prospective, blinded determination of the natural history of aspirin resistance among stable patients with cardiovascular disease // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003. Vol. 41. P. 961-965.
Gurbel P. A., Bliden K. P., Butler K. et al. Randomized double-blind assessment of the ONSET and OFFSET of the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the ONSET/ OFFSET study // Circulation. 2009. Vol. 120. P. 2577-2585.
Gurbel P. A., Bliden K. P., Butler K. et al. Response to ticagrelor in clopidogrel nonresponders and responders and effect of switching therapies: the RESPOND study // Circulation. 2010. Vol. 121. P. 1188-1199.
Hamm C. W., Bassand J. P., Agewall S. et al. Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of European Society of Cardiology. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation // Eur. Heart J. 2011. Vol. 32. P. 2999-3054.
Hankey G. J., Eikelboom J. W. Aspirin resistance // Lancet. 2006. Vol. 367, № 9510. P. 606-617
Helton T. J., Bavry A. A., Kumbhani D. J. et al. Incremental effect of clopidogrel on important outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials // Am. J. Cardio-vasc. Drugs. 2007. Vol. 7. P. 289-297
Krasopoulos G., Brister S. J., Beattie W. S. et al. Aspirin
Krishna V., Diamond G. A., Kaul S. Do platelet function testing and genotyping improve outcome in patients treated with antithrombotic agents?: the role of platelet reactivity and genotype testing in the prevention of atherothrombotic cardiovascular events remains unproven // Circulation. 2012. Vol. 125, № 10. P. 1288-1303.
Levine G. N., Bates E. R., Blankenship J. C. et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation // American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions // Circulation. 2011. Vol. 124. e574-e651.
Linnemann B., Schwonberg J., Rechner A. R. Assessment of clopidogrel non-response by the PFA-100 system using the new test cartridge INNOVANCE PFA P2Y // Ann. Hematol. 2010. Vol. 89, № 6. P. 597-605.
Lordkipanidze M., Pharand C., Schampaert E. et al. Evaluation of the platelet count drop method for assessment of platelet function in comparison with
Matetzky S., Shenkman B., Guetta V. et al. Clopidogrel resistance is associated with increased risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction // Circulation. 2004. Vol. 109, № 25. P. 3171-3175.
McNicol A., Israels S. J. Platelets and anti-platelet therapy // J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2003. Vol. 93, № 4. P. 381-396.
Mehta S. R., Tanguay J. F., Eikelboom J. W. et al. CURRENT-OASIS 7 Trial Investigators. Doubledose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial // Lancet. 2010. Vol. 376. P. 1233-1243.
Michelson A. D. Methods for the measurement of platelet function // Am. J. Cardiol. 2009. Vol. 103. P. 20A-26A.
Mueller M. R., Salat A., Stangl P. et al. Variable platelet response to low-dose aspirin and the risk of limb deterioration in patients submitted to peripheral arterial angioplasty // Thromb. Haemost. 1997. Vol. 78. P. 1003-1007.
OBrien J. R. Platelet aggregation. Part II: some results of a new method // J. Clin. Pathol. 1962. Vol. 15. P. 452-455.
Price M. J., Angiolillo D. J., Teirstein P. S. et al. Platelet reactivity and cardiovascular outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: a timedependent analysis of the Gauging Responsiveness With a VerifyNow P2Y12 assay: Impact on Thrombosis and Safety (GRAVITAS) trial // Circulation. 2011. Vol. 124. P. 1132-1137.
Price M. J., Berger P. B., Teirstein P. S. et al. GRAVITAS Investigators. Standard- vs high-dose clopidogrel based on platelet function testing after percutaneous coronary intervention: the GRAVITAS randomized trial // JAMA. 2011. Vol. 305. P. 1097-1105
Price M. J., Endemann S., Gollapudi R. R. et al. Prognostic significance of post-clopidogrel platelet reactivity assessed by a point-of-care assay on thrombotic events after drug-eluting stent implantation // Eur. Heart J. 2008. Vol. 29, № 8. P. 992-1000.
Sabatine M. S., Montalescot G., Braunwald E. et al. CLARITY-TIMI 28 Investigators. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation // N. Engl. J. Med. 2005. Vol. 352. P. 1179-1189.
Sibbing D., Braun S., Jawansky S. et al. Assessment of ADP-induced platelet aggregation with light transmission aggregometry and multiple electrode platelet aggregometry before and after clopidogrel treatment // Thromb. Haemost. 2008. Vol. 99. P. 121-126.
Vasilieva E., Kasyanova O., Shpektor A. The antiplatelet effect of atorvastatin in patients with acute coronary syndrome depends on the hs-CRP level // Acute Card. Care. 2008. Vol. 10, № 3. P. 181-184.
Velik-Salchner C., Maier S., Innerhofer P. et al. Pointof- care whole blood impedance aggregometry versus classical light transmission aggregometry for detecting aspirin and clopidogrel: the results of a pilot study // Anesth. Analg. 2008. Vol. 107. P. 1798-1806.
Von Beckerath N., Pogatsa-Murray G., Wieczorek A. et al. Correlation of a new point-of-care test with conventional optical aggregometry for the assessment of clopidogrel responsiveness // Thromb. Haemost. 2006. Vol. 95. P. 910-911
Wallentin L., Becker R. C., Budaj A. et al. PLATO Investigators. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes // Engl. J. Med. 2009. Vol. 361. P. 1045-1057.
Wiviott S. D., Braunwald E., McCabe C. H. et al. TRITON-TIMI 38 Investigators. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes // N. Engl. J. Med. 2007. Vol. 357. P. 2001-2015.
Yusuf S., Zhao F., Mehta S. R. et al. Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation // N. Engl. J. Med. 2001. Vol. 345. P. 494-502.
Abstract
Antiplatelet therapy is the cornerstone in the management of acute coronary syndromes. Despite the proven clinical benefits associated with dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel, there is a growing interest on evaluation of individual response to these drugs. Aspirin and clopidogrel resistance is associated with high risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease. At the present time, there are many different laboratory methods for evaluating platelet response to antiplatelet drugs. The present review outlines the most commonly available platelet function tests, describing their clinical implication, advantages and limitations.References
Воробьева И. И., Рыжкова Е. В., Васильева Е. Ю., Шпектор А. В. Влияние системного воспаления на эффект антиагрегантной терапии у больных с острым коронарным синдромом // Креативная кардиология. 2012. В печати.Габбасов З. А., Попов Е. Г., Гаврилов И. Ю. и др. Новый высокочувствительный метод анализа агрегации тромбоцитов // Лаб. дело. 1989. Т. 10. С. 15-18.
Andersen K., Hurlen M., Arnesen H. at al. Aspirin nonresponsiveness as measured by PFA-100 in patients with coronary artery disease // Thromb. Res. 2002. Vol. 108. P. 37-42.
Angiolillo D. J., Capranzano P., Desai B. et al. Impact of P2Y(12) inhibitory effects induced by clopidogrel on platelet procoagulant activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients // Thromb. Res. 2009. Vol. 124. P. 318-322.
Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration. Collaborative metaanalysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high-risk patients // BMJ. 2002. Vol. 324. P. 71-86.
Barragan P., Bouvier J. L., Roquebert P. O. et al. Resistance to thienopyridines: clinical detection of coronary stent thrombosis by monitoring of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation // Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2003. Vol. 59. P. 295-302.
Bonello L., Camoin-Jau L., Armero S. et al. Tailored clopidogrel loading dose according to platelet reactivity monitoring to prevent acute and subacute stent thrombosis // Am. J. Cardiol. 2009. Vol. 103. P. 5-10.
Bonello L., Camoin-Jau L., Arques S. et al. Adjusted clopidogrel loading doses according to vasodilatorstimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation index decrease rate of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with clopidogrel resistance: a multicenter randomized prospective study // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008. Vol. 51. P. 1404-1411.
Bonello L., Tantry U. S., Marcucci R. et al. Working Group on High On-Treatment Platelet Reactivity. Consensus and future directions on the definition of high on-treatment platelet reactivity to adenosine diphosphate // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010. Vol. 56. P. 919-933.
Born G. V. R. Quantitative investigation into aggregation of blood platelets // J. Physiol. 1962. Vol. 162. P. 67-68.
Breet N. J., van Werkum J. W., Bouman H. J. et al. Comparison of platelet function tests in predicting clinical outcome in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation // JAMA. 2010. Vol. 303, № 8. P. 754-762.
Cadroy Y., Bossavy J. P., Thalamas C. Early potent antithrombotic effect with combined aspirin and a loading dose of clopidogrel on experimental arterial thrombogenesis in humans // Circulation. 2000. Vol. 101. P. 2823-2828.
Campo G., Fileti L., de Cesare N. et al. 3T/2R Investigators. Long-term clinical outcome based on aspirin and clopidogrel responsiveness status after elective percutaneous coronary intervention: a 3T/2R (Tailoring Treatment With Tirofiban in Patients Showing Resistance to Aspirin and/or Resistance to Clopidogrel) Trial substudy // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010. Vol. 56. P. 1447-1455.
Capodanno D., Angiolillo D. J. Platelet monitoring for PCI: which test is the one to choose? // Hamostaseologie. 2009. Vol. 29, № 4. P. 376-380.
Cardinal D. C., Flower R. J. The electronic aggregometer: a novel device for assessing platelet behavior in blood // J. Pharmacol. Methods. 1980. Vol. 3, № 2. P. 135-158.
Catella F., Healy D., Lawson J. A., FitzGerald G. A. 11-Dehydrothromboxane B2: a quantitative index of thromboxane A2 formation in the human circulation // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1986. Vol. 83. P. 5861-5865.
Chen W. H., Lee P. Y., Ng W. et al. Aspirin resistance is associated with a high incidence of myonecrosis after non-urgent percutaneous coronary intervention despite clopidogrel pretreatment // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004. Vol. 43. P. 1122-1126.
Dyszkiewicz-Korpanty A., Olteanu H., Frenkel E. P., Sarode R. Clopidogrel anti-platelet effect: an evaluation by optical aggregometry, impedance aggregometry, and the platelet function analyzer (PFA- 100) // Platelets. 2007. Vol. 18. P. 491-496.
Eikelboom J. W., Hirsh J., White J. I. et al. Aspirin resistant thromboxane biosynthesis and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death in patients at risk of high for cardiovascular event // Circulation. 2002. Vol. 105. P. 1650-1655.
Favaloro E. J. Clinical utility of the PFA-100 // Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 2008. Vol. 34. P. 709-733.
Gonzalez-Conejero R., Rivera J., Corral J. et al. Biological assessment of aspirin efficacy on healthy individuals: heterogeneous response or aspirin failure? // Stroke. 2005. Vol. 36. P. 276-280.
Gori A. M., Marcucci R., Paniccia R. et al. Thrombotic events in high risk patients are predicted by evaluating different pathways of platelet function // Thromb. Haemost. 2008. Vol. 100. P. 1136-1145.
Grotemeyer K. H., Scharafinski H. W., Husstedt J. W. Two year followup of aspirin responders and aspirin non-responders. A pilot study including 180 poststroke patients // Thromb. Res. 1993. Vol. 71. P. 397-403
Gum P. A., Kottke-Marchant K., Welsh P. A. et al. A prospective, blinded determination of the natural history of aspirin resistance among stable patients with cardiovascular disease // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003. Vol. 41. P. 961-965.
Gurbel P. A., Bliden K. P., Butler K. et al. Randomized double-blind assessment of the ONSET and OFFSET of the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the ONSET/ OFFSET study // Circulation. 2009. Vol. 120. P. 2577-2585.
Gurbel P. A., Bliden K. P., Butler K. et al. Response to ticagrelor in clopidogrel nonresponders and responders and effect of switching therapies: the RESPOND study // Circulation. 2010. Vol. 121. P. 1188-1199.
Hamm C. W., Bassand J. P., Agewall S. et al. Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of European Society of Cardiology. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation // Eur. Heart J. 2011. Vol. 32. P. 2999-3054.
Hankey G. J., Eikelboom J. W. Aspirin resistance // Lancet. 2006. Vol. 367, № 9510. P. 606-617
Helton T. J., Bavry A. A., Kumbhani D. J. et al. Incremental effect of clopidogrel on important outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials // Am. J. Cardio-vasc. Drugs. 2007. Vol. 7. P. 289-297
Krasopoulos G., Brister S. J., Beattie W. S. et al. Aspirin
Krishna V., Diamond G. A., Kaul S. Do platelet function testing and genotyping improve outcome in patients treated with antithrombotic agents?: the role of platelet reactivity and genotype testing in the prevention of atherothrombotic cardiovascular events remains unproven // Circulation. 2012. Vol. 125, № 10. P. 1288-1303.
Levine G. N., Bates E. R., Blankenship J. C. et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation // American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions // Circulation. 2011. Vol. 124. e574-e651.
Linnemann B., Schwonberg J., Rechner A. R. Assessment of clopidogrel non-response by the PFA-100 system using the new test cartridge INNOVANCE PFA P2Y // Ann. Hematol. 2010. Vol. 89, № 6. P. 597-605.
Lordkipanidze M., Pharand C., Schampaert E. et al. Evaluation of the platelet count drop method for assessment of platelet function in comparison with
Matetzky S., Shenkman B., Guetta V. et al. Clopidogrel resistance is associated with increased risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction // Circulation. 2004. Vol. 109, № 25. P. 3171-3175.
McNicol A., Israels S. J. Platelets and anti-platelet therapy // J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2003. Vol. 93, № 4. P. 381-396.
Mehta S. R., Tanguay J. F., Eikelboom J. W. et al. CURRENT-OASIS 7 Trial Investigators. Doubledose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial // Lancet. 2010. Vol. 376. P. 1233-1243.
Michelson A. D. Methods for the measurement of platelet function // Am. J. Cardiol. 2009. Vol. 103. P. 20A-26A.
Mueller M. R., Salat A., Stangl P. et al. Variable platelet response to low-dose aspirin and the risk of limb deterioration in patients submitted to peripheral arterial angioplasty // Thromb. Haemost. 1997. Vol. 78. P. 1003-1007.
OBrien J. R. Platelet aggregation. Part II: some results of a new method // J. Clin. Pathol. 1962. Vol. 15. P. 452-455.
Price M. J., Angiolillo D. J., Teirstein P. S. et al. Platelet reactivity and cardiovascular outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: a timedependent analysis of the Gauging Responsiveness With a VerifyNow P2Y12 assay: Impact on Thrombosis and Safety (GRAVITAS) trial // Circulation. 2011. Vol. 124. P. 1132-1137.
Price M. J., Berger P. B., Teirstein P. S. et al. GRAVITAS Investigators. Standard- vs high-dose clopidogrel based on platelet function testing after percutaneous coronary intervention: the GRAVITAS randomized trial // JAMA. 2011. Vol. 305. P. 1097-1105
Price M. J., Endemann S., Gollapudi R. R. et al. Prognostic significance of post-clopidogrel platelet reactivity assessed by a point-of-care assay on thrombotic events after drug-eluting stent implantation // Eur. Heart J. 2008. Vol. 29, № 8. P. 992-1000.
Sabatine M. S., Montalescot G., Braunwald E. et al. CLARITY-TIMI 28 Investigators. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation // N. Engl. J. Med. 2005. Vol. 352. P. 1179-1189.
Sibbing D., Braun S., Jawansky S. et al. Assessment of ADP-induced platelet aggregation with light transmission aggregometry and multiple electrode platelet aggregometry before and after clopidogrel treatment // Thromb. Haemost. 2008. Vol. 99. P. 121-126.
Vasilieva E., Kasyanova O., Shpektor A. The antiplatelet effect of atorvastatin in patients with acute coronary syndrome depends on the hs-CRP level // Acute Card. Care. 2008. Vol. 10, № 3. P. 181-184.
Velik-Salchner C., Maier S., Innerhofer P. et al. Pointof- care whole blood impedance aggregometry versus classical light transmission aggregometry for detecting aspirin and clopidogrel: the results of a pilot study // Anesth. Analg. 2008. Vol. 107. P. 1798-1806.
Von Beckerath N., Pogatsa-Murray G., Wieczorek A. et al. Correlation of a new point-of-care test with conventional optical aggregometry for the assessment of clopidogrel responsiveness // Thromb. Haemost. 2006. Vol. 95. P. 910-911
Wallentin L., Becker R. C., Budaj A. et al. PLATO Investigators. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes // Engl. J. Med. 2009. Vol. 361. P. 1045-1057.
Wiviott S. D., Braunwald E., McCabe C. H. et al. TRITON-TIMI 38 Investigators. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes // N. Engl. J. Med. 2007. Vol. 357. P. 2001-2015.
Yusuf S., Zhao F., Mehta S. R. et al. Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation // N. Engl. J. Med. 2001. Vol. 345. P. 494-502.
