Кардиомиопатия такотсубо. Часть 2
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2. Abdelmoneim S.S., Mankad S.V., Bernier M. et al. Microvascular function in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy with contrast echocardiography: Prospective evaluation and review of literature // J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2009. Vol. 22. P. 1249–1255.
3. Abe Y., Kondo M., Matsuoka R. et al. Assessment of clinical features in transient left ventricular apical ballooning // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003. Vol. 41. P. 737–742.
4. Afonso L., Bachour K., Awad K. et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: Pathogenetic insights and myocardial perfusion kinetics using myocardial contrast echocardiography // Eur. J. Echocardiogr. 2008. Vol. 9. P. 849–854.
5. Azzarelli S., Giordano G., Galassi A.R. et al. Transient impairment of myocardial perfusion in a patient with apical ballooning syndrome // Int. J. Cardiol. 2007. Vol. 118. P. e63–65.
6. Behrendt D., Ganz P. Endothelial function: From vascular biology to clinical application // Am. J. Cardiol. 2002. Vol. 90.
7. Broadley A.J., Korszun A., Abdelaal E. et al. Inhibition of cortisol production with metyrapone prevents mental stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and baroreflex impairment // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005. Vol. 46. P. 344–350.
8. Bupha-Intr T., Wattanapermpool J. Regulatory role of ovarian sex hormones in calcium uptake activity of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum // Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2006. Vol. 291. P. H1101–1108.
9. Bybee K.A., Kara T., Prasad A. et al. Systematic review: Transient left ventricular apical ballooning: A syndrome that mimics ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction // Ann. Intern. Med. 2004. Vol. 141. P. 858–865.
10. Bybee K.A., Prasad A., Barsness G.W. et al. Clinical characteristics and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame counts in women with transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome // Am. J. Cardiol. 2004. Vol. 94. P. 343–346.
11. Citro R., Galderisi M., Maione A. et al. Sequential transthoracic ultrasound assessment of coronary flow reserve in a patient with Tako-tsubo syndrome // J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2006. Vol. 19. P. 1402, e1405–1408.
12. Cuisset T., Quilici J., Pankert M. et al. Usefulness of index of microcirculatory resistance to detect microvascular dysfunction as a potential mechanism of stress-induced cardiomyopathy (tako-tsubo syndrome) // Int. J. Cardiol. 2011. Vol. 153. P. E51–E53.
13. Curtis A.L., Bethea T., Valentino R.J. Sexually dimorphic responses of the brain norepinephrine system to stress and corticotropin-releasing factor // Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006. Vol. 31. P. 544–554.
14. Desbonnet L., Garrett L., Daly E. et al. Sexually dimorphic effects of maternal separation stress on corticotrophin-releasing factor and vasopressin systems in the adult rat brain // Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 2008. Vol. 26. P. 259–268.
15. Elesber A., Lerman A., Bybee K.A. et al. Myocardial perfusion in apical ballooning syndrome correlate of myocardial injury // Am. Heart J. 2006. Vol. 152. P. 469, e469–413.
16. Fazio G., Sarullo F.M., Novo G. et al. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy and microcirculation // J. Clin. Monit. Comput. 2010. Vol. 24. P. 101–105.
17. Feola M., Chauvie S., Rosso G.L. et al. Reversible impairment of coronary flow reserve in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A myocardial PET study // J. Nucl. Cardiol. 2008. Vol. 15. P. 811–817.
18. Gallucci W.T., Baum A., Laue L. et al. Sex differences in sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis // Health Psychol. 1993. Vol. 12. P. 420–425.
19. Ghiadoni L., Donald A.E., Cropley M. et al. Mental stress induces transient endothelial dysfunction in humans // Circulation. 2000. Vol. 102. P. 2473–2478.
20. Gianni M., Dentali F., Grandi A.M. et al. Apical ballooning syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A systematic review // Eur. Heart J. 2006. Vol. 27. P. 1523–1529.
21. Gornikiewicz A., Sautner T., Brostjan C. et al. Catecholamines up-regulate lipopolysaccharideinduced IL-6 production in human microvascular endothelial cells // FASEB J. 2000. Vol. 14. P. 1093–1100.
22. Grohe C., Kahlert S., Lobbert K. et al. Cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts contain functional estrogen receptors // FEBS Lett. 1997. Vol. 416. P. 107–112.
23. Handa R.J., Weiser M.J., Zuloaga D.G. A role for the androgen metabolite, 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol, in modulating oestrogen receptor beta-mediated regulation of hormonal stress reactivity // J. Neuroendocrinol. 2009. Vol. 21. P. 351–358.
24. Higashi Y., Sasaki S., Nakagawa K. et al. Excess norepinephrine impairs both endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in patients with pheochromocytoma // Hypertension. 2002. Vol. 39. P. 513–518.
25. Hijmering M.L., Stroes E.S., Olijhoek J. et al. Sympathetic activation markedly reduces endothelium- dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002. Vol. 39. P. 683–688.
26. Hinojosa-Laborde C., Chapa I., Lange D. et al. Gender differences in sympathetic nervous system regulation // Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1999. Vol. 26. P. 122–126.
27. Hirata K., Shimada K., Watanabe H. et al. Modulation of coronary flow velocity reserve by gender, menstrual cycle and hormone replacement therapy // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001. Vol. 38. P. 1879–1884.
28. Ito K., Sugihara H., Kinoshita N. et al. Assessment of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (transient left ventricular apical ballooning) using 99mTc-tetrofosmin, 123I-BMIPP, 123I-MIBG and 99mTc-PYP myocardial SPECT // Ann. Nucl. Med. 2005. Vol. 19. P. 435–445.
29. Izumi Y., Okatani H., Shiota M. et al. Effects of metoprolol on epinephrine-induced takotsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction in non-human primates // Hypertens. Res. 2009. Vol. 32. P. 339–346.
30. Krishnan U., Zacharzewski A., Schmitt M. Nonapical tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy associated with coronary slow flow: A case report and review of the literature // Clin. Cardiol. 2009. Vol. 32. P. E63–66.
31. Kume T., Akasaka T., Kawamoto T. et al. Assessment of coronary microcirculation in patients with takotsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction // Circ. J. 2005. Vol. 69. P. 934–939.
32. Luscher T., Barton M. Biology of the endothelium // Clin. Cardiol. 1997. Vol. 20 P. 3–10.
33. Martin E.A., Prasad A., Rihal C.S. et al. Endothelial function and vascular response to mental stress are impaired in patients with apical ballooning syndrome // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010. Vol. 56. P. 1840–1846.
34. Meimoun P., Malaquin D., Sayah S. et al. The coronary flow reserve is transiently impaired in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A prospective study using serial Doppler transthoracic echocardiography // J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2008. Vol. 21. P. 72–77.
35. Nickel T., Deutschmann A., Hanssen H. et al. Modification of endothelial biology by acute and chronic stress hormones // Microvasc. Res. 2009. Vol. 78. P. 364–369.
36. Nishikawa S., Ito K., Adachi Y. et al. Ampulla ('takotsubo') cardiomyopathy of both ventricles: Evaluation of microcirculation disturbance using 99mTc-tetrofosmin myocardial single photon emission computed tomography and Doppler guide wire // Circ. J. 2004. Vol. 68. P. 1076–1080.
37. Peix A., Gonzalez A., Garcia E.J. et al. Left ventricular dysfunction secondary to ischemia in women with angina and normal coronary angiograms // J. Womens. Health (Larchmt). 2009. Vol. 18. P. 155–161.
38. Rigo F., Sicari R., Citro R. et al. Diffuse, marked, reversible impairment in coronary microcirculation in stress cardiomyopathy: A Doppler transthoracic echo study // Ann. Med. 2009. Vol. 41. P. 462–470.
39. Romeo F., Li D., Shi M. et al. Carvedilol prevents epinephrine-induced apoptosis in human coronary artery endothelial cells: Modulation of Fas/Fas ligand and caspase-3 pathway // Cardiovasc. Res. 2000. Vol. 45. P. 788–794.
40. Sadamatsu K., Tashiro H., Maehira N. et al. Coronary microvascular abnormality in the reversible systolic dysfunction observed after noncardiac disease // Jpn. Circ. J. 2000. Vol. 64. P. 789–792.
41. Sader M.A., Celermajer D.S. Endothelial function, vascular reactivity and gender differences in the cardiovascular system // Cardiovasc. Res. 2002. Vol. 53. P. 597–604.
42. Senovilla L., Nunez L., Villalobos C. et al. Rapid changes in anterior pituitary cell phenotypes in male and female mice after acute cold stress // Endocrinology. 2008. Vol. 149. P. 2159–2167.
43. Sganzerla P., Alioto G., Funaro A. et al. Transthoracic Doppler ultrasound coronary flow reserve evaluation: Preliminary insights into pathophysiology of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy // J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown). 2008. Vol. 9. P. 1229–1234.
44. Skantze H.B., Kaplan J., Pettersson K. et al. Psychosocial stress causes endothelial injury in cynomolgus monkeys via beta1-adrenoceptor activation // Atherosclerosis. 1998. Vol. 136. P. 153–161.
45. Spieker L.E., Hurlimann D., Ruschitzka F. et al. Mental stress induces prolonged endothelial dysfunction via endothelin-A receptors // Circulation. 2002. Vol. 105. P. 2817–2820.
46. Thanky N.R., Son J.H., Herbison A.E. Sex differences in the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription by estrogen in the locus coeruleus of TH9-LacZ transgenic mice // Brain. Res. Mol. Brain. Res. 2002. Vol. 104. P. 220–226.
47. Tsuchihashi K., Ueshima K., Uchida T. et al. Transient left ventricular apical ballooning without coronary artery stenosis: A novel heart syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Angina pectoris-myocardial infarction investigations in Japan // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001. Vol. 38. P. 11–18.
48. Uchida Y., Egami H., Sakurai T. et al. Possible participation of endothelial cell apoptosis of coronary microvessels in the genesis of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy // Clin. Cardiol. 2010. Vol. 33. P. 371–377.
49. Ueyama T., Ishikura F., Matsuda A. et al. Chronic estrogen supplementation following ovariectomy improves the emotional stress-induced cardiovascular responses by indirect action on the nervous system and by direct action on the heart // Circ. J. 2007. Vol. 71. P. 565–573.
50. Upadya S.P., Hoq S.M., Pannala R. et al. Tako tsubo cardiomyopathy (transient left ventricular apical ballooning): Case report of a myocardial perfusion echocardiogram study // J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2005. Vol. 18. P. 883.
51. Vasilieva E., Urazovskaya I., Skrypnik D. et al. Total occlusion of the infarct-related coronary artery correlates with brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction // Acute. Card. Care. 2009. Vol. 11. P. 155–159.
52. Vasilieva E., Vorobyeva I., Lebedeva A. et al. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in patients with Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy // Am. J. Med. 2011. Vol. 124. P. 1176–1179.
53. Wilbert-Lampen U., Trapp A., Modrzik M. et al. Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on endothelin-1 and NO release, mediated by CRH receptor subtype R2: A potential link between stress and endothelial dysfunction? // J. Psychosom. Res. 2006. Vol. 61. P. 453–460.
54. Yoshida T., Hibino T., Kako N. et al. A pathophysiologic study of tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography // Eur. Heart J. 2007. Vol. 28. P. 2598–2604.
Abstract
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is a rare heart syndrome associated with transient myocardial contractile dysfunction. In the first lecture we described the epidemiology and initial hypotheses of the syndrome pathogenesis. This lecture is devoted to the most common theories of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy pathogenesis. Among them, the theory of impaired coronary flow reserve in the acute phase of TTC. The role of endothelial dysfunction, observed in our study, in the pathogenesis of TTC is also very interesting. Furthermore we discuss in details possible causes of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy prevalence in women.References
1. Ющук Е.Н., Васюк Ю.А., Хадзегова А.Б. и др. Эндотелиальная дисфункция при заболеваниях сердечно-сосудистой системы и методы ее кор- рекции // Клин. фармакол. и терапия. 2005. Vol. 14. P. 85–88.2. Abdelmoneim S.S., Mankad S.V., Bernier M. et al. Microvascular function in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy with contrast echocardiography: Prospective evaluation and review of literature // J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2009. Vol. 22. P. 1249–1255.
3. Abe Y., Kondo M., Matsuoka R. et al. Assessment of clinical features in transient left ventricular apical ballooning // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003. Vol. 41. P. 737–742.
4. Afonso L., Bachour K., Awad K. et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: Pathogenetic insights and myocardial perfusion kinetics using myocardial contrast echocardiography // Eur. J. Echocardiogr. 2008. Vol. 9. P. 849–854.
5. Azzarelli S., Giordano G., Galassi A.R. et al. Transient impairment of myocardial perfusion in a patient with apical ballooning syndrome // Int. J. Cardiol. 2007. Vol. 118. P. e63–65.
6. Behrendt D., Ganz P. Endothelial function: From vascular biology to clinical application // Am. J. Cardiol. 2002. Vol. 90.
7. Broadley A.J., Korszun A., Abdelaal E. et al. Inhibition of cortisol production with metyrapone prevents mental stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and baroreflex impairment // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005. Vol. 46. P. 344–350.
8. Bupha-Intr T., Wattanapermpool J. Regulatory role of ovarian sex hormones in calcium uptake activity of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum // Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2006. Vol. 291. P. H1101–1108.
9. Bybee K.A., Kara T., Prasad A. et al. Systematic review: Transient left ventricular apical ballooning: A syndrome that mimics ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction // Ann. Intern. Med. 2004. Vol. 141. P. 858–865.
10. Bybee K.A., Prasad A., Barsness G.W. et al. Clinical characteristics and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame counts in women with transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome // Am. J. Cardiol. 2004. Vol. 94. P. 343–346.
11. Citro R., Galderisi M., Maione A. et al. Sequential transthoracic ultrasound assessment of coronary flow reserve in a patient with Tako-tsubo syndrome // J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2006. Vol. 19. P. 1402, e1405–1408.
12. Cuisset T., Quilici J., Pankert M. et al. Usefulness of index of microcirculatory resistance to detect microvascular dysfunction as a potential mechanism of stress-induced cardiomyopathy (tako-tsubo syndrome) // Int. J. Cardiol. 2011. Vol. 153. P. E51–E53.
13. Curtis A.L., Bethea T., Valentino R.J. Sexually dimorphic responses of the brain norepinephrine system to stress and corticotropin-releasing factor // Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006. Vol. 31. P. 544–554.
14. Desbonnet L., Garrett L., Daly E. et al. Sexually dimorphic effects of maternal separation stress on corticotrophin-releasing factor and vasopressin systems in the adult rat brain // Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 2008. Vol. 26. P. 259–268.
15. Elesber A., Lerman A., Bybee K.A. et al. Myocardial perfusion in apical ballooning syndrome correlate of myocardial injury // Am. Heart J. 2006. Vol. 152. P. 469, e469–413.
16. Fazio G., Sarullo F.M., Novo G. et al. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy and microcirculation // J. Clin. Monit. Comput. 2010. Vol. 24. P. 101–105.
17. Feola M., Chauvie S., Rosso G.L. et al. Reversible impairment of coronary flow reserve in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A myocardial PET study // J. Nucl. Cardiol. 2008. Vol. 15. P. 811–817.
18. Gallucci W.T., Baum A., Laue L. et al. Sex differences in sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis // Health Psychol. 1993. Vol. 12. P. 420–425.
19. Ghiadoni L., Donald A.E., Cropley M. et al. Mental stress induces transient endothelial dysfunction in humans // Circulation. 2000. Vol. 102. P. 2473–2478.
20. Gianni M., Dentali F., Grandi A.M. et al. Apical ballooning syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A systematic review // Eur. Heart J. 2006. Vol. 27. P. 1523–1529.
21. Gornikiewicz A., Sautner T., Brostjan C. et al. Catecholamines up-regulate lipopolysaccharideinduced IL-6 production in human microvascular endothelial cells // FASEB J. 2000. Vol. 14. P. 1093–1100.
22. Grohe C., Kahlert S., Lobbert K. et al. Cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts contain functional estrogen receptors // FEBS Lett. 1997. Vol. 416. P. 107–112.
23. Handa R.J., Weiser M.J., Zuloaga D.G. A role for the androgen metabolite, 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol, in modulating oestrogen receptor beta-mediated regulation of hormonal stress reactivity // J. Neuroendocrinol. 2009. Vol. 21. P. 351–358.
24. Higashi Y., Sasaki S., Nakagawa K. et al. Excess norepinephrine impairs both endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in patients with pheochromocytoma // Hypertension. 2002. Vol. 39. P. 513–518.
25. Hijmering M.L., Stroes E.S., Olijhoek J. et al. Sympathetic activation markedly reduces endothelium- dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002. Vol. 39. P. 683–688.
26. Hinojosa-Laborde C., Chapa I., Lange D. et al. Gender differences in sympathetic nervous system regulation // Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1999. Vol. 26. P. 122–126.
27. Hirata K., Shimada K., Watanabe H. et al. Modulation of coronary flow velocity reserve by gender, menstrual cycle and hormone replacement therapy // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001. Vol. 38. P. 1879–1884.
28. Ito K., Sugihara H., Kinoshita N. et al. Assessment of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (transient left ventricular apical ballooning) using 99mTc-tetrofosmin, 123I-BMIPP, 123I-MIBG and 99mTc-PYP myocardial SPECT // Ann. Nucl. Med. 2005. Vol. 19. P. 435–445.
29. Izumi Y., Okatani H., Shiota M. et al. Effects of metoprolol on epinephrine-induced takotsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction in non-human primates // Hypertens. Res. 2009. Vol. 32. P. 339–346.
30. Krishnan U., Zacharzewski A., Schmitt M. Nonapical tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy associated with coronary slow flow: A case report and review of the literature // Clin. Cardiol. 2009. Vol. 32. P. E63–66.
31. Kume T., Akasaka T., Kawamoto T. et al. Assessment of coronary microcirculation in patients with takotsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction // Circ. J. 2005. Vol. 69. P. 934–939.
32. Luscher T., Barton M. Biology of the endothelium // Clin. Cardiol. 1997. Vol. 20 P. 3–10.
33. Martin E.A., Prasad A., Rihal C.S. et al. Endothelial function and vascular response to mental stress are impaired in patients with apical ballooning syndrome // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010. Vol. 56. P. 1840–1846.
34. Meimoun P., Malaquin D., Sayah S. et al. The coronary flow reserve is transiently impaired in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A prospective study using serial Doppler transthoracic echocardiography // J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2008. Vol. 21. P. 72–77.
35. Nickel T., Deutschmann A., Hanssen H. et al. Modification of endothelial biology by acute and chronic stress hormones // Microvasc. Res. 2009. Vol. 78. P. 364–369.
36. Nishikawa S., Ito K., Adachi Y. et al. Ampulla ('takotsubo') cardiomyopathy of both ventricles: Evaluation of microcirculation disturbance using 99mTc-tetrofosmin myocardial single photon emission computed tomography and Doppler guide wire // Circ. J. 2004. Vol. 68. P. 1076–1080.
37. Peix A., Gonzalez A., Garcia E.J. et al. Left ventricular dysfunction secondary to ischemia in women with angina and normal coronary angiograms // J. Womens. Health (Larchmt). 2009. Vol. 18. P. 155–161.
38. Rigo F., Sicari R., Citro R. et al. Diffuse, marked, reversible impairment in coronary microcirculation in stress cardiomyopathy: A Doppler transthoracic echo study // Ann. Med. 2009. Vol. 41. P. 462–470.
39. Romeo F., Li D., Shi M. et al. Carvedilol prevents epinephrine-induced apoptosis in human coronary artery endothelial cells: Modulation of Fas/Fas ligand and caspase-3 pathway // Cardiovasc. Res. 2000. Vol. 45. P. 788–794.
40. Sadamatsu K., Tashiro H., Maehira N. et al. Coronary microvascular abnormality in the reversible systolic dysfunction observed after noncardiac disease // Jpn. Circ. J. 2000. Vol. 64. P. 789–792.
41. Sader M.A., Celermajer D.S. Endothelial function, vascular reactivity and gender differences in the cardiovascular system // Cardiovasc. Res. 2002. Vol. 53. P. 597–604.
42. Senovilla L., Nunez L., Villalobos C. et al. Rapid changes in anterior pituitary cell phenotypes in male and female mice after acute cold stress // Endocrinology. 2008. Vol. 149. P. 2159–2167.
43. Sganzerla P., Alioto G., Funaro A. et al. Transthoracic Doppler ultrasound coronary flow reserve evaluation: Preliminary insights into pathophysiology of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy // J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown). 2008. Vol. 9. P. 1229–1234.
44. Skantze H.B., Kaplan J., Pettersson K. et al. Psychosocial stress causes endothelial injury in cynomolgus monkeys via beta1-adrenoceptor activation // Atherosclerosis. 1998. Vol. 136. P. 153–161.
45. Spieker L.E., Hurlimann D., Ruschitzka F. et al. Mental stress induces prolonged endothelial dysfunction via endothelin-A receptors // Circulation. 2002. Vol. 105. P. 2817–2820.
46. Thanky N.R., Son J.H., Herbison A.E. Sex differences in the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription by estrogen in the locus coeruleus of TH9-LacZ transgenic mice // Brain. Res. Mol. Brain. Res. 2002. Vol. 104. P. 220–226.
47. Tsuchihashi K., Ueshima K., Uchida T. et al. Transient left ventricular apical ballooning without coronary artery stenosis: A novel heart syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Angina pectoris-myocardial infarction investigations in Japan // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001. Vol. 38. P. 11–18.
48. Uchida Y., Egami H., Sakurai T. et al. Possible participation of endothelial cell apoptosis of coronary microvessels in the genesis of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy // Clin. Cardiol. 2010. Vol. 33. P. 371–377.
49. Ueyama T., Ishikura F., Matsuda A. et al. Chronic estrogen supplementation following ovariectomy improves the emotional stress-induced cardiovascular responses by indirect action on the nervous system and by direct action on the heart // Circ. J. 2007. Vol. 71. P. 565–573.
50. Upadya S.P., Hoq S.M., Pannala R. et al. Tako tsubo cardiomyopathy (transient left ventricular apical ballooning): Case report of a myocardial perfusion echocardiogram study // J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2005. Vol. 18. P. 883.
51. Vasilieva E., Urazovskaya I., Skrypnik D. et al. Total occlusion of the infarct-related coronary artery correlates with brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction // Acute. Card. Care. 2009. Vol. 11. P. 155–159.
52. Vasilieva E., Vorobyeva I., Lebedeva A. et al. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in patients with Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy // Am. J. Med. 2011. Vol. 124. P. 1176–1179.
53. Wilbert-Lampen U., Trapp A., Modrzik M. et al. Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on endothelin-1 and NO release, mediated by CRH receptor subtype R2: A potential link between stress and endothelial dysfunction? // J. Psychosom. Res. 2006. Vol. 61. P. 453–460.
54. Yoshida T., Hibino T., Kako N. et al. A pathophysiologic study of tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography // Eur. Heart J. 2007. Vol. 28. P. 2598–2604.
