Clinical significance of diagnosisof “type 2 myocardial infarction”

Authors: Barbarash O.L.1, 2

Company: 1Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sosnovyy bul'var, 6, Kemerovo, 650002, Russian Federation;
2Kemerovo State Medical University, ulitsa Voroshilova, 22a, Kemerovo, 650056, Russian Federation

For correspondence:  Sign in or register.

Type:  Editorial article


DOI: https://doi.org/10.24022/1997-3187-2019-13-4-297-307

For citation: Barbarash O.L. Clinical significance of diagnosis of “type 2 myocardial infarction”. Creative Cardiology. 2019; 13 (4): 297–307 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.24022/1997-3187-2019-13-4-297-307

Received / Accepted:  01.12.2019/16.12.2019

Keywords: universal definition of myocardial infarction myocardial injury type 2 myocardial infarction

Full text:  

 

Abstract

The article traces the history and evolution of the concepts of the definition of myocardial infarction (MI). Prerequisites for the formation of four universal definitions of myocardial infarction are presented. The main differences in the underlying mechanisms and diagnostic criteria for type 1 and 2 MI are stated. The article presents data on the incidence of type 2 MI, its diagnostic principles and treatment strategies. The results of various register studies are demonstrated, which reflect the typical structure and prognosis for various types of myocardial infarction. The arguments supporting the need for further researches to clarify various phenotypes of myocardial infarction are provided, as well as treatment approaches and secondary prevention.

References

  1. Thygesen K., Alpert J.S., White H.D. Joint ESC/ACC/AHA/WHF Task Force for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J. 2007; 28: 2525–38.
  2. Thygesen K., Alpert J.S., Jaffe A.S. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Eur. Heart J. 2019; 40 (3): 237–69. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462
  3. Myocardial infarction redefined – a consensus document of the Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. Eur. Heart J. 2000; 21 (18): 1502–13. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2000; 36: 959–69. DOI: 10.1053/euhj.2000.2305
  4. Thygesen K., Alpert J.S., Jaffe A.S., Simoons M.L., Chaitman B.R., White H.D. Writing Group on the Joint ESC/ACC/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J. 2012; 33: 2551–67.
  5. Szummer K., Wallentin L., Lindhagen L., Alfredsson J., Erlinge D., Held C. et al. Relations between implementation of new treatments and improved outcomes in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction during the last 20 years: experiences from SWEDEHEART registry 1995 to 2014. Eur. Heart J. 2018; 39: 3766–76. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy554
  6. Szummer K., Wallentin L., Lindhagen L., Alfredsson J., Erlinge D., Held C. et al. Improved outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction during the last 20 years are related to implementation of evidence-based treatments: experiences from the SWEDEHEART registry 1995–2014. Eur. Heart J. 2017; 38: 3056–65. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx515
  7. Valentine C.M., Tcheng J.E., Waites T. Translating the translation. What clinicians should know about the fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018; 72 (21): 2668–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.015
  8. Saw J., Mancini G.B., Humphries K.H. Contemporary review on spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2016; 68: 297–312. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.034
  9. Mc Carthy C.P., Vaduganathan M., Singh A., Song Z., Blankstein R., Gaggin H.K. et al. Type 2 myocardial infarction and the hospital readmission reduction program. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018; 72 (10): 1166–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.055
  10. O’Neill D.E., Southern D.A., Norris C.M., O’Neill B.J., Graham M.M. Type 2 MI in Southern Alberta: a descriptive analysis. Can. J. Cardiol. 2014; 30: S165–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.07.254
  11. Smilowitz N.R., Beckman J.A., Sherman S.E., Berger J.S. Hospital readmission after perioperative acute myocardial infarction associated with noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 2018; 137: 2332–9. DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032086
  12. Baron T., Hambraeus K., Sundstrom J., Erlinge D., Jernberg T., Lindahl B. Type 2 myocardial infarction in clinical practice. Heart. 2015; 101: 101–6. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306093
  13. Saaby L., Poulsen T.S., Diederichsen A.C.P., Hosbond S., Larsen T.B., Schmidt H. et al. Mortality rate in type 2 myocardial infarction: Observations from an unselected hospital cohort. Am. J. Med. 2014; 127: 295–302. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.12.020
  14. Diaz-Garzon J., Sandoval Y., Smith S.W. et al. Discordance between ICD-coded myocardial infarction and diagnosis according to the universal definition of myocardial infarction. Clin. Chem. 2017; 63: 415–9. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.263764
  15. Arora S., Strassle P.D., Qamar A., Wheeler E.N., Levine A.L., Misenheimer J.A. et al. Impact of type 2 myocardial infarction (mi) on hospital-level mi outcomes: implications for quality and public reporting. J. Am. Heart. Assoc. 2018; 7: e008661. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.118.008661
  16. Sandoval Y., Thygesen K. Myocardial infarction type 2 and myocardial injury. Clin. Chem. 2017; 63: 101–7. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.255521
  17. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.02.029
  18. Spatz E.S., Curry L.A., Masoudi F.A., Zhou S., Strait K.M., Gross C.P. et al. The variation in recovery: role of gender on outcomes of young AMI patients (VIRGO) classification system: a taxonomy for young women with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2015; 132: 1710–8. DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.016502
  19. Stein G.Y., Herscovici G., Korenfeld R., Matetzky S., Gottlieb S., Alon D. et al. Type-II myocardial infarction-patient characteristics, management and outcomes. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (1): e84285. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084285
  20. Chapman A.R., Shah A.S.V., Lee K.K. Longterm outcomes in patients with type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury. Circulation. 2018; 137: 1236–45. DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.031806
  21. Manchurov V.N., Anisimov K.V., Oskanov M.B., Skrypnik D.V., Vasilieva E.Yu., Shpektor A.V. Myocardial infarction due to coronary artery embolism. Kardiologiia. 2018; 58 (2): 83–90 (in Russ.)
  22. Musher D.M., Abers M.S., Corrales-Medina V.F. Acute infection and myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2019; 380: 171–6. DOI: 10.1056/nejmra1808137
  23. Smith S.W., Pearce L.A., Murakami M.M., Apple F.S. Diagnosis of type I versus type II myocardial infarction in emergency department patients with ischemic symptoms. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2011; 58 (4S): S211–2. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.06.129
  24. Szymański F.M., Karpiński G., Płatek A.E., Majstrak F. Clinical characteristics, aetiology and occurrence of type 2 acute myocardial infarction. Kardiol. Pol. 2014; 72 (4): 339–44. DOI: 10.5603/kp.a2013.0284
  25. Melberg T., Burman R., Dickstein K. The impact of the 2007 ESCACC-AHA-WHF Universal definition on the incidence and classification of acute myocardial infarction: a retrospective cohort study. Intern. J. Cardiol. 2010; 139 (3): 228–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.10.021
  26. Javed U., Aftab W., Ambrose J.A., Wessel R.J., Mouanoutoua M., Huang G. et al. Frequency of elevated troponin I and diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 2009; 104: 9–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.03.003
  27. Sarkisian L., Saaby L., Poulsen T.S. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with myocardial infarction, myocardial injury, and non elevated troponins. Am. J. Med. 2016; 129: 446.e5–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.11.006
  28. Gaggin H.K., Liu Y., Lyass A. Incident type 2 myocardial infarction in a cohort of patients undergoing coronary or peripheral arterial angiography. Circulation. 2017; 135: 116–27. DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023052
  29. Hassan A.K., Bergheanu S.C., Hasan-Ali H., Liem S.S., van der Laarse A., Wolterbeek R. et al. Usefulness of peak troponin-T to predict infarct size and long-term outcome in patients with first acute myocardial infarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am. J. Cardiol. 2009; 103: 779–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.11.031
  30. Martins J.S., Afreixo V., Santos L., Costa M., Santos J., Goncalves L. Medical treatment or revascularization as the best approach for spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care. 2017; 7 (7): 614–23. DOI: 10.1177/2048872617706502
  31. Scalone G., Niccoli G., Crea F. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of MINOCA: an update. Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care. 2019; 8 (1): 54–62. DOI: 10.1177/2048872618782414
  32. Eleid M.F., Tweet M.S., Young P.M., Williamson E., Hayes S.N., Gulati R. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: challenges of coronary computed tomography angiography. Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care. 2017; 7 (7): 609–13. DOI: 10.1177/2048872616687098
  33. Cediel G., Gonzalez-del-Hoyo M., Carrasquer A., Sanchez R., Boqué C., Bardajı A. Outcomes with type 2 myocardial infarction compared with nonischemic myocardial injury. Heart. 2017; 103: 616–22. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310243
  34. Gupta S., Vaidya S.R., Arora S., Bahekar A., Devarapally S.R. Type 2 versus type 1 myocardial infarction: A comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes with a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther. 2017; 7: 348–58. DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2017.03.21
  35. Erlikh A.D., Barbarash O.L., Kashtalap V.V., Gratsiansky N.A. Compliance with clinical practice guidelines for non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: association between outcomes and predictors of poor management (RECORD-3 Registry data). Complex issues of cardiovascular diseases. 2016; 2: 75–82 DOI: 10.17802/2306-1278-2016-2-75-82 (in Russ.)
  36. Januzzi J.L., Sandoval Y. The many faces of type 2 myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017; 70 (13): 1569–72. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.784

About Authors

Ol'ga L. Barbarash, Dr. Med. Sc., Professor, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery at the Kemerovo State Medical University, Director of the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, ORCID

Chief Editor

Leo A. Bockeria, MD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, President of Bakoulev National Medical Research Center for Cardiovascular Surgery